History of ischemic heart disease | History of myocardial infarction, positive exercise stress test, current report of angina, current nitrate use or ECG with pathologic Q waves |
History of congestive heart failure | History of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or physical examination showing bilateral rales or S3 gallop, or chest radiograph showing pulmonary vascular redistribution |
History of cerebrovascular disease | History of transient ischemic attack or stroke |
Diabetes mellitus with insulin use | |
Preoperative serum creatinine ≥ 177 μmol | |
High-risk surgery | Intraperitoneal, suprainguinal vascular or intrathoracic surgery |