Research
Open Access
Hourly air pollution exposure and the onset of symptomatic arrhythmia: an individual-level case–crossover study in 322 Chinese cities
Xiaowei Xue, Jialu Hu, Dingcheng Xiang, Huichu Li, Yixuan Jiang, Weiyi Fang, Hongbing Yan, Jiyan Chen, Weimin Wang, Xi Su, Bo Yu, Yan Wang, Yawei Xu, Lefeng Wang, Chunjie Li, Yundai Chen, Dong Zhao, Haidong Kan, Junbo Ge, Yong Huo and Renjie Chen
CMAJ May 01, 2023 195 (17) E601-E611; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.220929
Xiaowei Xue
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MSJialu Hu
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDDingcheng Xiang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDHuichu Li
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
PhDYixuan Jiang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MSWeiyi Fang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDHongbing Yan
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDJiyan Chen
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDWeimin Wang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
BSXi Su
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDBo Yu
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDYan Wang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDYawei Xu
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDLefeng Wang
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDChunjie Li
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDYundai Chen
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDDong Zhao
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDHaidong Kan
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
PhDJunbo Ge
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MD PhDYong Huo
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
MDRenjie Chen
School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Xue, Jiang, Kan, R. Chen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine (Hu, Ge), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology (Xiang), General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Health (H. Li), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.; Department of Cardiology (Fang), Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Center for Coronary Artery Diseases (Yan), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (J. Chen), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology (W. Wang), Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Su), Wuhan ASIA General Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology (Yu), The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China; Department of Cardiology (Y. Wang), Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Cardiology (Xu), Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China; Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension (L. Wang), Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency (C. Li), Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China; Senior Department of Cardiology (Y. Chen), the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology (Zhao), Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases (Zhao), Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology (Huo), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Hourly air pollution exposure and the onset of symptomatic arrhythmia: an individual-level case–crossover study in 322 Chinese cities
Xiaowei Xue, Jialu Hu, Dingcheng Xiang, Huichu Li, Yixuan Jiang, Weiyi Fang, Hongbing Yan, Jiyan Chen, Weimin Wang, Xi Su, Bo Yu, Yan Wang, Yawei Xu, Lefeng Wang, Chunjie Li, Yundai Chen, Dong Zhao, Haidong Kan, Junbo Ge, Yong Huo, Renjie Chen
CMAJ May 2023, 195 (17) E601-E611; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220929
Hourly air pollution exposure and the onset of symptomatic arrhythmia: an individual-level case–crossover study in 322 Chinese cities
Xiaowei Xue, Jialu Hu, Dingcheng Xiang, Huichu Li, Yixuan Jiang, Weiyi Fang, Hongbing Yan, Jiyan Chen, Weimin Wang, Xi Su, Bo Yu, Yan Wang, Yawei Xu, Lefeng Wang, Chunjie Li, Yundai Chen, Dong Zhao, Haidong Kan, Junbo Ge, Yong Huo, Renjie Chen
CMAJ May 2023, 195 (17) E601-E611; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220929
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