Demographic |
Age, yr | 71.6 ± 16.7 | 52.9 ± 23.0 | < 0.001 | – |
Female sex | 63 (42.9) | 2175 (56.0) | 0.002 | – |
Medical history |
Vascular disease‡ (n = 147; 3876) | 16 (10.9) | 238 (6.1) | 0.02 | 0.85 |
Heart disease§ (n = 138; 3639) | 83 (60.1) | 748 (20.6) | < 0.001 | 0.95 |
Event details |
Predisposition to vasovagal syncope¶ (n = 147; 3820) | 19 (12.9) | 1642 (43.0) | < 0.001 | 0.48 |
Presence of prodrome** (n = 144; 3817) | 82 (56.9) | 2903 (76.1) | < 0.001 | 0.57 |
Vital sign in emergency department |
Triage systolic BP (n = 142; 3769) | 133.3 ± 33.0 | 125.3 ± 21.4 | 0.005 | – |
Highest systolic BP (n = 147; 3853) | 149.1 ± 29.5 | 137.1 ± 22.1 | < 0.001 | – |
Lowest diastolic BP (n = 146; 3851) | 61.6 ± 17.3 | 65.3 ± 12.8 | 0.01 | – |
Highest diastolic BP (n = 147; 3850) | 83.6 ± 17.6 | 80.4 ± 13.6 | 0.03 | – |
Highest heart rate (n = 147; 3851) | 87.2 ± 19.7 | 84 ± 16.6 | 0.05 | – |
Triage respiratory rate (n = 119; 3099) | 18.0 ± 3.8 | 17.2 ± 2.6 | 0.04 | – |
Laboratory value |
Elevated troponin (> 99th percentile of normal population) | 37 (25.2) | 132 (3.4) | < 0.001 | – |
Hematocrit (n = 145; 3225) | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 | – |
Serum urea, mmol/L (n = 134; 2939) | 8.8 ± 6.8 | 6.4 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 | – |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L (n = 145; 3157) | 109.5 ± 68.2 | 88.4 ± 66.0 | < 0.001 | – |
ECG evidence (n = 143; 3691) |
Left bundle branch block | 15 (11.4) | 85 (2.3) | < 0.001 | 0.88 |
Left ventricular hypertrophy | 13 (9.9) | 199 (5.5) | 0.03 | 0.83 |
QRS duration, ms | 111.1 ± 31.7 | 93.0 ± 17.6 | < 0.001 | – |
QRS axis, degrees | 16.0 ± 60.4 | 35.6 ± 42.3 | < 0.001 | – |
Corrected QT interval, ms | 463.6 ± 43.3 | 431.7 ± 30.7 | < 0.001 | – |
Diagnosis in emergency department |
Vasovagal syncope | 19 (13.0) | 2165 (55.8) | < 0.001 | 0.60 |
Cardiac syncope | 51 (34.9) | 194 (5.0) | < 0.001 | 0.60 |
Categorization of continuous predictors |
Age > 75 yr | 72 (49.0) | 871 (22.4) | < 0.001 | – |
Any systolic BP < 90 or > 180 mm Hg†† (n = 147; 3871) | 46 (31.3) | 446 (11.5) | < 0.001 | – |
Lowest diastolic BP < 50 mm Hg | 30 (20.6) | 348 (9.0) | < 0.001 | – |
Highest diastolic BP > 110 mm Hg | 12 (8.2) | 90 (2.3) | < 0.001 | – |
Highest heart rate > 110 beats/min | 18 (12.2) | 244 (6.3) | 0.004 | – |
Triage respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min | 12 (10.1) | 109 (3.5) | < 0.001 | – |
Hematocrit < 0.3 | 13 (9.0) | 113 (3.5) | < 0.001 | – |
Urea > 12 mmol/L | 21 (15.7) | 164 (5.6) | < 0.001 | – |
Creatinine > 150 μmol/L | 17 (11.7) | 170 (5.4) | 0.001 | – |
QRS duration > 130 ms | 42 (31.6) | 186 (5.1) | < 0.001 | – |
Abnormal QRS axis (< −30° or > 110°) | 43 (32.3) | 307 (8.3) | < 0.001 | – |
Corrected QT interval > 480 ms | 51 (38.4) | 236 (6.4) | < 0.001 | – |