Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) has achieved cult status in the last 10 years or so. It is an
altogether admirable movement in medicine, capable of a great deal of good. Its privileged …

It is almost universally acknowledged that risks have to be weighed against benefits, but
there are different ways to perform the weighing. In conventional risk analysis, collectivist …

Background Randomised controlled clinical trials are performed to resolve uncertainty
concerning comparator interventions. Appropriate acknowledgment of uncertainty enables …

Composed of scientific and technical experts and lay members, thousands of research
ethics committees—Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in the United States—must identify …

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) sometimes recruit participants who are desperate to
receive the experimental treatment. This paper defends the practice against three …

Background: The current standards that govern clinical research have been shaped over the
years through many historical, social, and political events. The third principle of the Belmont …

The ethical justifiability of “placebo-controlled trials in the presence of proven intervention” is
an issue that hinges on the principle of justice in bioethics. Since the onset of the HIV/AIDS …

The randomised controlled trial (RCT) has been considered for a long time as the gold
standard for evidence generation to support regulatory decision making for medicines. The …

Background: The ethical basis of randomised controlled trials is equipoise, whether at the
collective or individual level. Neonatal intensive care trials are therefore conducted in a …

抄録 世界医師会によるヘルシンキ宣言第 29 条は, 医学研究の被験者はいずれも公平に最善と
される治療法を提供されなければならないという研究倫理の原則を表現しており, 29 …