… Bhatt can be contacted at sbhatt@ uabmc . edu or at the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and
… The authors’ full names and academic degrees are as follows: Surya P. Bhatt, MD, MSPH, …

Rationale: The small conducting airways are the major site of airflow obstruction in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and may precede emphysema development. Objectives: We …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease of the lung
associated with progressive airflow limitation and punctuated by episodes of acute exacerbation. …

Rationale: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increase
the risk of death and drive healthcare costs, but whether they accelerate loss of lung function …

Importance Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Unlike
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, clinical outcomes associated with proportional …

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major cause of
morbidity and mortality. Present-day diagnostic criteria are largely based solely on spirometric …

Background COPD is associated with significant morbidity primarily driven by acute exacerbations.
Relative pulmonary artery (PA) enlargement, defined as a PA to ascending aorta (A) …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the end result of a series of dynamic and
cumulative gene–environment interactions over a lifetime. The evolving understanding of …

Importance According to numerous current guidelines, the diagnosis of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) requires a ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first second …

Background Pulmonary function decline is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality
among smokers. Post bronchodilator FEV 1 and FEV 1 /FVC ratio are considered the standard …