This essay reexamines the nineteenth-century origins of medical specialization. It suggests
that by the 1880s, specialization had become perceived as a necessity of medical science as …

… Historian of medicine George Weisz analyzes why the idea of chronic disease assumed
critical importance in the twentieth century and how it acquired new meaning as one of the most …

In 1971 Abdel R. Omran published his classic paper on the theory of epidemiologic transition.
By the mid-1990s, it had become something of a citation classic and was understood as a …

This wide-ranging book is the first to examine one of the most significant and characteristic
features of modern medicine-specialization-in historical and comparative context. Based on …

Clinical practice guidelines are now ubiquitous. This article describes the emergence of
such guidelines in a way that differs from the two dominant explanations, one focusing on …

The modern university is essentially a product of the nineteenth cen tury. In nearly all Western
nations, institutions of higher education evolved in that century, at different rates and in …

The history of orthodox biomedicine in the twentieth century is usually depicted as one of
icreasing reductionism and dependence on laboratory sciences and technology. Holism today …

The evolution of Western medicine since World War II has resulted in the emergence of new
practices based on the direct interaction of biology and medicine. The post-war realignment …

This essay traces the history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in French, British, and American
medical literature from 1950 to 2004. Aetiological theories, treatments and diagnostic …

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low‐ and middle‐income countries have
recently provoked a surge of public interest. This article examines the policy literature—notably …