Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular developmental anomalies
(birth defects). These defects are caused by developmental arrest of the venous system …

Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Abstract Behind Medicine (M) is Physiology (P), behind Physiology is Physics (P) and
behind Physics is always Mathematics (M), for which I expect that the symmetry of the …

Background Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency has been proposed as a unique
combination of extracranial venous blockages and haemodynamic flow abnormalities that …

Objective Venoplasty has been proposed, alongside the theory of chronic cerebrospinal
venous insufficiency (CCSVI), as a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite concerns …

To analyze the presence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency parameter and
vascular abnormalities, in the internal jugular veins (IJVs) and/or vertebral veins in sitting …

Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, and consequent
leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple …

Background The quantification of the flow returning from the head through the cervical veins
and the collaterals of the internal jugular vein (IJV), is becoming of prominent interest in …

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging and echo color Doppler (ECD) scan
techniques do not accurately assess the cerebral venous return. This generated …