Background Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Interruption
of the renin–angiotensin system slows the progression of renal disease in patients with …

Rationale: Treatment efficacy for diabetes mellitus is largely determined by assessment of
HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin A1c) levels, which poorly reflects direct glucose variation. …

It is increasingly apparent that not only is a cure for the current worldwide diabetes epidemic
required, but also for its major complications, affecting both small and large blood vessels. …

Obesity is highly prevalent in Western populations and is considered a risk factor for the
development of renal impairment. Interventions that reduce the tissue burden of advanced …

Glucose metabolism is normally regulated by a feedback loop including islet β cells and
insulin-sensitive tissues, in which tissue sensitivity to insulin affects magnitude of β-cell response…

It is postulated that localized tissue oxidative stress is a key component in the development
of diabetic nephropathy. There remains controversy, however, as to whether this is an early …

Objectives: To assess and compare the effects of candesartan or lisinopril, or both, on blood
pressure and urinary albumin excretion in patients with microalbuminuria, hypertension, …

The current goal of diabetes therapy is to reduce time-averaged mean levels of glycemia,
measured as HbA1c, to prevent diabetic complications. However, HbA1c only explains <25% …

Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons
from RENAAL. Background Proteinuria or albuminuria is an established risk marker for …

Importance Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Prior
trials have demonstrated CV safety of 3 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors but have …