Patients with chronic pain may benefit from referral to a pain specialist. This study describes the delay between referral and first appointment of 3386 new referrals seen in ten outpatient pain clinics between 1990 and 1992. We then assess the follow-up patterns of the pain clinics and how these relate to waiting times. Patients wait in pain for long periods before being seen in a pain clinic. In 1992 about half of patients waited more than 3 months for an appointment at a teaching hospital pain clinic; and half waited 9 weeks or longer to be seen at a district general hospital pain clinic. In many clinics the situation is worsening. Pain clinics differ widely in their patient follow-up, with patients averaging more than twice as many visits in some clinics than others. Clinic practice on reappointing patients largely determines the number of new referrals who can be accepted for management, and hence affects waiting lists. Thus our data suggest that pain clinics themselves can help reduce waiting times, by changing the extent and nature of patient follow-up. Ultimately, however, additional consultant sessions may be needed to enable pain clinics to meet the increasing demands placed on them.