Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is usually defined as an acute pulmonary edema occurring shortly after a central neurologic insult. It has been reported regularly for a long time in numerous and various injuries of the central nervous system in both adults and children, but remains poorly understood because of the complexity of its pathophysiologic mechanisms involving hemodynamic and inflammatory aspects. NPE seems to be under-diagnosed in acute neurologic injuries, partly because the prevention and detection of non-neurologic complications of acute cerebral insults are not at the forefront of the strategy of physicians. The presence of NPE should be high on the list of diagnoses when patients with central neurologic injury suddenly become dyspneic or present with a decreased P(a)o(2)/F(i)o(2) ratio. The associated mortality rate is high, but recovery is usually rapid with early and appropriate management. The treatment of NPE should aim to meet the oxygenation needs without impairing cerebral hemodynamics, to avoid pulmonary worsening and to treat possible associated myocardial dysfunction. During brain death, NPE may worsen myocardial dysfunction, preventing heart harvesting.