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Special CommunicationsMalnutrition and the Respiratory System
Section snippets
PULMONARY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Pulmonary defense mechanisms depend on the integrity of respiratory epithelium and the immune system. It is said that malnutrition interferes with regeneration of respiratory epithelium,8 but we have seen no report concerning alterations in respiratory epithelial permeability or ciliary function. Four weeks of protein-calorie malnutrition in infant rats caused the thymus to atrophy and reduced the T-lymphocyte transformation response to phytohemagglutinin.11 The in vitro pulmonary defense
VENTILATORY DRIVE AND RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
One of the most striking effects of malnutrition on the respiratory system is to reduce the capacity of patients to sustain adequate levels of ventilation.This results from the effects of nutritional depletion on both the central nervous control system and the respiratory muscles which comprise the air pump. Healthy human volunteers restricted to a daily oral intake of 550 kcal from glucose for ten days had a 20 percent reduction in basal oxygen consumption and a 58 percent reduction in their
EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL REPLETION
Several studies suggest that enteral or parenteral hyperalimentation can improve ventilatory function. In a retrospective analysis, 14 malnourished patients who were dependent on mechanical ventilators were grouped according to their ultimate success or failure at weaning from mechanical ventilation.3 Both groups received comparable levels of nutritional support for equivalent periods, but the group which could be weaned responded with increases in serum levels of albumin and transferrin,
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