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Toxic proteins released from mitochondria in cell death

Oncogene volume 23, pages 2861–2874 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

A plethora of apoptotic stimuli converge on the mitochondria and affect their membrane integrity. As a consequence, multiple death-promoting factors residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space are liberated in the cytosol. Pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins control the release of these mitochondrial proteins by inducing or preventing permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Once released into the cytosol, these mitochondrial proteins activate both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways. Cytochrome c was the first protein shown to be released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, where it induces apoptosome formation. Other released mitochondrial proteins include apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G, both of which contribute to apoptotic nuclear DNA damage in a caspase-independent way. Other examples are Smac/DIABLO (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct IAP-binding protein with low PI) and the serine protease HtrA2/OMI (high-temperature requirement protein A2), which both promote caspase activation and instigate caspase-independent cytotoxicity. The precise mode of action and importance of cytochrome c in apoptosis in mammalian cells has become clear through biochemical, structural and genetic studies. More recently identified factors, for example HtrA2/OMI and Smac/DIABLO, are still being studied intensively in order to delineate their functions in apoptosis. A better understanding of these functions may help to develop new strategies to treat cancer.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Amin Bredan for editorial help. This work was supported by the Interuniversitaire Attractiepolen (IUAP-V), the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (Grants 31.5189.00 and 3G.0006.01) and the EC-RTD (Grant QLRT-CT-1999-00739), the Ghent University cofinancing EU project (011C0300) and GOA project (12050502). X Saelens is supported by the ‘Biotech Fonds’ and GOA project (12050502), L Vande Walle and N Festjens by a grant from the IWT, M van Gurp by a grant from the ‘Centrum voor Gezwelziekten’, G van Loo was paid by the IUAP-V.

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  1. Geert van Loo

    Present address: EMBL-Monterotondo, Mouse Biology Program, Via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo-Scalo, 00016, Italy

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  1. Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, VIB and Ghent University, Fiers-Shell-Van Montagu Building, Ghent, B9052, Belgium

    Xavier Saelens, Nele Festjens, Lieselotte Vande Walle, Maria van Gurp, Geert van Loo & Peter Vandenabeele

  2. EMBL-Monterotondo, Mouse Biology Program, Via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo-Scalo, 00016, Italy

    Geert van Loo

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Saelens, X., Festjens, N., Walle, L. et al. Toxic proteins released from mitochondria in cell death. Oncogene 23, 2861–2874 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207523

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