Focus issue: Atrial fibrillationClinicalAntiarrhythmic use from 1991 to 2007: Insights from the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (CARAF I and II)
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. AF affects nearly 2.5 million Americans and 4.5 million Europeans, and as a result, accounts for the majority of arrhythmia-related physician visits and hospital admissions.1, 2, 3 Although the majority of these cases are not immediately life threatening, AF is associated with significant complications, such as stroke, as well as reductions in quality of life, functional status, and cardiac performance. In addition, patients with AF are at higher risk of overall mortality when compared with non-AF patients.4
The pharmacologic management of AF has been traditionally dichotomized into 2 competing strategies: control of ventricular rate or re-establishment and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Traditionally, the maintenance of sinus rhythm by means of cardioversion followed by the chronic use of antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) was chosen as the initial therapy for AF. In contrast to the prevailing clinical practice, landmark trials published over the past 10 years have not demonstrated a significant benefit with a strategy of routine rhythm control in respect to survival, stroke prevention, or quality of life. These studies have suggested that a strategy focused on minimizing symptoms and complications with ventricular rate control is equally efficacious, particularly in an elderly, minimally symptomatic patient population.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of rate-controlling medications and AADs in the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (CARAF) over a 16-year period (1991 to 2007). Because CARAF I and CARAF II are nondirected cohorts, they provide the opportunity to evaluate the long-term trends in drug therapy for patients with AF beginning in the 10-year period prior to the publication of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology clinical practice guidelines for the management of AF in 2001 through the publication of the landmark AF trials in the late 1990s to early 2000s.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 As such, it provides unique insight into the use of antiarrhythmic and rate-controlling medications by primary and secondary care physicians over time.
Section snippets
Methods
Detailed methods of the CARAF cohorts have been reported elsewhere.11, 12 Briefly, CARAF I and II are prospective cohort studies that document the natural history and management of patients with new-onset AF or flutter. CARAF I enrolled 1,095 patients in 6 Canadian cities between 1991 and 1996. CARAF II added Toronto to the original 6 cities and enrolled 503 patients between 2001 and 2003. In both cohorts, patients were enrolled from emergency rooms, cardiology laboratories, hospitals, and
Rate versus rhythm control from 1991 to 2007
The proportion of patients in the CARAF studies receiving AADs to maintain sinus rhythm (rhythm control strategy) increased from 26.9% in 1991 to 42.4% in 1994 (Figure 1). There was a steady decline in the frequency of AAD use from a peak in 1994 through the end of follow-up in 2007 (with the exception of a slight increase in use in 2003). In both CARAF I and CARAF II, as well as in the combined cohort, the use of AAD was highest in the first year after AF diagnosis (45.6% for the combined
Discussion
AF and flutter are increasingly common medical problems for which the pharmacologic management has changed significantly over the past 20 years. From these 2 large nondirected prospective cohort studies, we were able to gain insight into the evolving long-term trends in the pharmacologic management of AF beginning in the 10-year period prior to the publication of landmark AF trials in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Over the course of our study period, the management strategy for AF and flutter
Conclusion
The combined CARAF cohorts provide an 18-year duration of follow-up for newly diagnosed AF patients and offer a unique insight into the use of medications for the maintenance of sinus rhythm as well as the use of medications for the control of ventricular rate. Over this time, the management of AF and flutter has undergone significant shifts reflecting the influence of drug development, prevailing belief systems, and the impact of large clinical trials. As such, continued monitoring of the
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2019, Heart RhythmCitation Excerpt :This is interesting because dual therapy in AF patients is common. A Canadian study (n = 1400) showed that on average 17% of AF patients were on rate-lowering combination therapies and that over 50% of patients were receiving AADs with concomitant rate-lowering drugs.18 The strong association found for AADs combined with a rate-lowering drug was primarily driven by amiodarone and when combined with digoxin, class IV antiarrhythmics, or beta-blockers.
Temporal Patterns and Predictors of Rate vs Rhythm Control in Patients Attending a Multidisciplinary Atrial Fibrillation Clinic
2016, Canadian Journal of CardiologyAntiarrhythmic drug use in patients <65 years with atrial fibrillation and without structural heart disease
2015, American Journal of CardiologyCitation Excerpt :Although we were unable to identify patients with asymptomatic left ventricular hypertrophy using claims data and, therefore, were unable to identify those for which amiodarone may have been considered first-line therapy, we expected the proportion of patients who received amiodarone as their first AAD to be far less than the 34%. This extensive use of amiodarone for AF management has been previously reported, but in a broader AF population that primarily included older patients and those with structural heart disease, where amiodarone has been and continues to be considered a first-line option.11–16 There also appeared to be a quick uptake in the use of dronedarone that was very much in contrast to the uptake in dofetilide use after its market release in 2001.17
New Directions in Cardiac Arrhythmia Management: Present Challenges and Future Solutions
2014, Canadian Journal of CardiologyCitation Excerpt :Although CIEDs and ablation procedures have provided effective therapeutic options for a wide range of cardiac arrhythmias, antiarrhythmic drugs continue to be widely used. For example, although the percentage of AF patients taking rhythm control antiarrhythmic drugs decreased over the years 1994-2007, it remained > 20%.48 Antiarrhythmic drugs are widely used in the emergency management of new-onset arrhythmias, for arrhythmias not requiring nonpharmacological approaches, and as an adjunct to nonpharmacological therapies in patients with inadequate therapeutic responses.
Adherence to guideline recommendations for antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation
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The Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation has been supported by an unrestricted grant from Sanofi-Aventis Canada (2006–2009), St. Jude Medical (2007), Proctor and Gamble Pharmaceuticals Inc. (1998–2003), Knoll Pharmaceuticals (1991–1997), and Dupont Pharma (1996).