Hostname: page-component-6b989bf9dc-g5k2d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-14T20:44:39.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Smoking cessation guidelines: evidence-based recommendations of the French Health Products Safety Agency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

B. Le Foll ,
P. Melihan-Cheinin ,
G. Rostoker ,
G. Lagrue  and
for the working group of AFSSAPS
B. Le Foll*
Affiliation:
Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD21224, USA
P. Melihan-Cheinin
Affiliation:
Direction Générale de la Santé, Paris, France
G. Rostoker
Affiliation:
AFSSAPS, French Health Products Safety Agency, Saint-Denis, 143/147, boulevard Anatole France, 92285Saint-Denis cedex, France
G. Lagrue
Affiliation:
Centre de tabacologie, hôpital Albert-Chenevier, Creteil, France
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: blefoll@intra.nida.nih.gov (B. Le Foll).
Get access

Abstract

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in developed countries. Millions of smokers are willing to stop, but few of them are able to do so. Clinicians should only use approaches that have demonstrated their efficacy in helping patients to stop smoking. This article summarizes the evidence-based major findings and clinical recommendations for the treatment of tobacco dependence of the French Health Products Safety Agency (AFSSAPS). Clinicians should enquire about the smoking status of each patient and provide information about health consequence of smoking and effective treatments available. These treatments include counseling (mainly individual or social support and behavioral and cognitive therapy) and pharmacological treatment with either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or bupropion LP. Pharmacological treatments should be used only for proven nicotine dependence, as assessed by the Fagerstrom test for Nicotine Dependence. The choice of pharmacologic treatment depends of the patient's preference and history and of the presence of contra-indications. The clinician should start with a single agent, but these treatments may be used in combination. Smoking behavior is a chronic problem that requires long-term management and follow-up. Access to intensive treatment combining pharmacological treatment and extensive behavioral and cognitive therapy should be available for highly dependent patients.

Keywords

Tobacco dependenceRecommendationsTreatmentNicotine replacement therapyBuproprionReview
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 20 , Issue 5-6 , August 2005 , pp. 431 - 441
Copyright
Copyright ©Elsevier SAS 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1–31Google Scholar
Abbot, N.C., Stead, L.F., White, A.R., Barnes, J., Ernst, E. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000Google Scholar
Agence Nationale d'Accréditation et d'Evaluation en Santé Consensus conference on smoking cessation 1999Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Washington CD, Ed. 4, revised version. American Psychiatric Association 2000Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association WGoSUD Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: Alcohol, cocaine, opioids. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152suppl2–59Google Scholar
Ashenden, R., Silagy, C.A., Lodge, M., Fowler, G.A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of acupuncture in smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Review 1997; 16: 33–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashton, C.H.Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 101–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A.T., Steer, R., Garbin, M.Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of research. Clinical Psychology Review 1988; 8: 77–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benowitz, N.L.The use of biologic fluid samples in assessing tobacco smoke consumption. NIDA Res Monogr 1983; 48: 6–26Google ScholarPubMed
Benowitz, N.L.Drug therapy. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addition N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1318–1330Google Scholar
Benowitz, N.L.Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Epidemiol Rev 1996; 18: 188–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benowitz, N.L.Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36: 597–613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, B., Graham, A., Sciamanna, C., Krishnamoorthy, J., Whiteley, J., Carmona-Barros, R., Niaura, R., Abrams, D.Smoking cessation treatment on the Internet: content, quality, and usability. Nicotine Tob Res 2004; 6: 207–219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N.Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence. Behav Genet 1995; 25: 95–101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
British Thoracic Society Smoking cessation guidelines and their cost effectiveness. Thorax 1998; 53Supplement 5Google Scholar
Brown, C.R., Jacob, P., Wilson, M., Benowitz, N.L.Changes in rate and pattern of caffeine metabolism after cigarette abstinence. Clin Pharmacol Ther 3rd 1988; 43: 488–491CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buist, A.S.The US Lung Health Study. Respirology 1997; 2: 303–307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnette, M.M., Meilahn, E., Wing, R.R., Kuller, L.H.Smoking cessation, weight gain, and changes in cardiovascular risk factors during menopause: the Healthy Women Study. Am J Public Health 1998; 88: 93–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Covey, L.S., Glassman, A.H.A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials of clonidine for smoking cessation. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 991–998CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J., Dadvand, M., Canuso, C., White, A.O., Stanilla, J.K., Simpson, G.M.Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 453–455Google Scholar
Dempsey, D.A., Benowitz, N.L.Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy. Drug Saf. 2001; 24: 277–322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Health and Human Services The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General Government Priting Office 1990Google Scholar
DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., Fairhurst, S.K., Velicer, W.F., Velasquez, M.M., Rossi, J.S.The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991; 59: 295–304CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, J.A.Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. Jama 1984; 252: 1905–1907CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiore, M.C.US public health service clinical practice guideline: treating tobacco use and dependence. Respir Care 2000; 45: 1200–1262Google ScholarPubMed
Fiore, M.C., Bailey, W.C., Cohen, S.J., Dorfman, S.F., Goldstein, M.G., Gritz, E.R.Treating tobacco use and dependence. Clinical practice guideline Rockville, MD US Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service 2000Google Scholar
Froom, P., Melamed, S., Benbassat, J.Smoking cessation and weight gain. J. Fam. Pract. 1998; 46: 460–464Google ScholarPubMed
Garrett, B.E., Rose, C.A., Henningfield, J.E.Tobacco addiction and pharmacological interventions. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001; 2: 1545–1555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, T.P., Sernyak, M.J., Ziedonis, D.M., Woods, S.W.Effects of clozapine on smoking in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 344–346Google ScholarPubMed
Glasgow, R.E., Mullooly, J.P., Vogt, T.M., Stevens, V.J., Lichtenstein, E., Hollis, J.F., Lando, H.A., Severson, H.H., Pearson, K.A., Vogt, M.R.Biochemical validation of smoking status: pros, cons, and data from four low-intensity intervention trials. Addict Behav 1993; 18: 511–527CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, A.H.Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 546–553Google ScholarPubMed
Glassman, A.H., Covey, L.S., Stetner, F., Rivelli, S.Smoking cessation and the course of major depression: a follow-up study. Lancet 2001; 357: 1929–1932CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, A.H., Helzer, J.E., Covey, L.S., Cottler, L.B., Stetner, F., Tipp, J.E., Johnson, J.Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. Jama 1990; 264: 1546–1549CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glynn, T.J., Manley, M.W.How to help your patients stop smoking. A National Cancer Institute manual for physicians US Department of Health and Human Services 1989Google Scholar
Gourlay, S.G., Benowitz, N.L.The benefits of stopping smoking and the role of nicotine replacement therapy in older patients. Drugs Aging 1996; 9: 8–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourlay, S.G., Benowitz, N.L., Forbes, A., McNeil, J.J.Determinants of plasma concentrations of nicotine and cotinine during cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine treatment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 51: 407–414CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gourlay, S.G., Stead, L.F., Benowitz, N.L.Clonidine for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004 CD000058Google ScholarPubMed
Gries, J.M., Benowitz, N., Verotta, D.Importance of chronopharmacokinetics in design and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285: 457–463Google ScholarPubMed
Hajek, P., Stead, L.F.Aversive smoking for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD000546Google ScholarPubMed
Hall, S.M., Herning, R.I., Jones, R.T., Benowitz, N.L., Jacob, Pr.Blood cotinine levels as indicators of smoking treatment outcome. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 35: 810–814CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerstrom, K.O.The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 1119–1127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Rickert, W., Robinson, J.Measuring the heaviness of smoking: using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Br J Addict 1989; 84: 791–799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holder, H., Longabaugh, R., Miller, W.R., Rubonis, A.V.The cost effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: a first approximation. J Stud Alcohol 1991; 52: 517–540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Long-term use of nicotine-replacement therapy. New Developments in Nicotine-Delivery Systems (Henningfield JE and Stitzer ML, eds.) Carlton 1991Google Scholar
Hughes, J.R.Treatment of smoking cessation in smokers with past alcohol/drug problems. J Subst Abuse Treat 1993; 10: 181–187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Applying harm reduction to smoking. Tobacco Control 1995; 4: S33–S38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J.R., Hatsukami, D.Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 289–294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Hatsukami, D.K., Mitchell, J.E., Dahlgren, L.A.Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 993–997Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Lesmes, G.R., Hatsukami, D.K., Richmond, R.L., Lichtenstein, E., Jorenby, D.E., Broughton, J.O., Fortmann, S.P., Leischow, S.J., McKenna, J.P., Rennard, S.I., Wadland, W.C., Heatley, S.A.Are higher doses of nicotine replacement more effective for smoking cessation? Nicotine Tob Res 1999; 1: 169–174CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F., Lancaster, T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 CD000031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F., Lancaster, T. Anxiolytics for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD002849CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurt, R.D., Sachs, D.P., Glover, E.D., Offord, K.P., Johnston, J.A., Dale, L.C., Khayrallah, M.A., Schroeder, D.R., Glover, P.N., Sullivan, C.R., Croghan, I.T., Sullivan, P.M.A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1195–1202CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyman, G.J., Stanley, R.O., Burrows, G.D., Horne, D.J.Treatment effectiveness of hypnosis and behaviour therapy in smoking cessation: a methodological refinement. Addict Behav 1986; 11: 355–365CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilett, K.F., Hale, T.W., Page-Sharp, M., Kristensen, J.H., Kohan, R., Hackett, L.P.Use of nicotine patches in breast-feeding mothers: transfer of nicotine and cotinine into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 74: 516–524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvik, M.E., Madsen, D.C., Olmstead, R.E., Iwamoto-Schaap, P.N., Elins, J.L., Benowitz, N.L.Nicotine blood levels and subjective craving for cigarettes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66: 553–558CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, M.J., Russell, M.A., Benowitz, N.L., Feyerabend, C.Elimination of cotinine from body fluids: implications for noninvasive measurement of tobacco smoke exposure. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 696–698CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, U.The approach of comprehensive tobacco control in cancer prevention: elements and evidence. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11: 439–446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorenby, D.E., Leischow, S.J., Nides, M.A., Rennard, S.I., Johnston, J.A., Huges, A.R., Smith, S.S., Muramoto, M.L., Daughton, D.M., Doan, K., Fiore, M.C., Baker, T.B.A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 685–691CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joseph, A.M., Norman, S.M., Ferry, L.H., Prochazka, A.V., Westman, E.C., Steele, B.G., Sherman, S.E., Cleveland, M., Antonnucio, D.O., Hartman, N., McGovern, P.G.The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1792–1798CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klesges, R.C., Winders, S.E., Meyers, A.W., Eck, L.H., Ward, K.D., Hultquist, C.M., Ray, J.W., Shadish, W.R.How much weight gain occurs following smoking cessation? A comparison of weight gain using both continuous and point prevalence abstinence. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65: 286–291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Silagy, C., Sowden, A.Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. Bmj 2000; 321: 355–358CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Silagy, C., Sowden, A.Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. Bmj 2000 Aug 5; 321: 355–358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, T., Stead, L.F. Silver acetate for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD000191Google Scholar
Lancaster, T., Stead, L.F. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD001292Google Scholar
Lancaster, T., Stead, L.F. Self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD001118Google Scholar
Le Foll, B., Aubin, H.-J., Lagrue, G.Les thérapies comportementales et cognitives dans l'aide à l'arrêt du tabac. Revue de la litterature et mise au point. Annales de Médecine Interne 2002; 153: 1S32–31S40Google Scholar
Lumley, J., Oliver, S., Chamberlain, C., Oakley, L. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004 CD001055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumley, J., Oliver, S., Waters, E. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD001055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEvoy, J., Freudenreich, O., McGee, M., VanderZwaag, C., Levin, E., Rose, J.Clozapine decreases smoking in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 550–552CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEvoy, J.P., Freudenreich, O., Levin, E.D., Rose, J.E.Haloperidol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1995; 119: 124–126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGovern, M.P., Carroll, K.M.Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2003; 26: 991–1010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, N.S., Gold, M.S.Comorbid cigarette and alcohol addiction: epidemiology and treatment. J Addict Dis 1998; 17: 55–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milton, M.H., Maule, C.O., Backinger, C.L., Gregory, D.M.Recommendations and guidance for practice in youth tobacco cessation. Am J Health Behav 27Suppl 22003 S159–S169Google ScholarPubMed
Moller, A.M., Villebro, N., Pedersen, T., Tonnesen, H.Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 114–117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogburn, P.L., Hurt, R.D., Croghan, I.T., Schroeder, D.R., Ramin, K.D., Offord, K.P., Moyer, T.P.Nicotine patch use in pregnant smokers: nicotine and cotinine levels and fetal effects. Am J Obstet Gyneco 1999; 181: 736–743CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parrott, S., Godfrey, C., Raw, M., West, R., McNeill, A.Guidance for commissioners on the cost effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. Health Educational Authority. Thorax 1998; 53Suppl 5 Pt 2S1–S38Google ScholarPubMed
Parsons, W.D., Neims, A.H.Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 40–45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, K.A.Weight gain following smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61: 768–777CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, K.A., Sexton, J.E., DiMarco, A., Fonte, C.Acute effects of tobacco smoking on hunger and eating in male and female smokers. Appetite 1994; 22: 149–158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, K.A., Sexton, J.E., Reynolds, W.A., Grobe, J.E., Fonte, C., Stiller, R.L.Comparison of acute subjective and heart rate effects of nicotine intake via tobacco smoking versus nasal spray. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 47: 295–299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, J.P., Gilpin, E.A., Emery, S.L., White, M.M., Rosbrook, B., Berry, C.C., Farkas, A.J.Has the California tobacco control program reduced smoking? Jama 1998; 280: 893–899CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C.Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983; 51: 390–395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigotti, N.A.Clinical practice. Treatment of tobacco use and dependence. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 506–512CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, J.E., Behm, F.M.Psychophysiological interactions between caffeine and nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 38: 333–337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, N.G., Lunell, E., Olmstead, R.E., Fagerstrom, K.O.Clinical pharmacokinetics of nasal nicotine delivery. A review and comparison to other nicotine systems. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 31: 65–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silagy, C., Mant, D., Fowler, G., Lancaster, T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 CD000146Google Scholar
Silagy, C., Mant, D., Fowler, G., Lancaster, T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. [Update of: 20257584] FIX ABSTRACT. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 CD000146CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sims, T.H., Fiore, M.C.Pharmacotherapy for treating tobacco dependence: what is the ideal duration of therapy? CNS Drugs 2002; 16: 653–662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R.P., Zigmond, A.S.The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292 344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, T., Pederson, L.L., Koval, J.J., Kim, C.The relationship of cigarette prices and no-smoking bylaws to the prevalence of smoking in Canada. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1519–1521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tashkin, D., Kanner, R., Bailey, W., Buist, S., Anderson, P., Nides, M., Gonzales, D., Dozier, G., Patel, M.K., Jamerson, B.Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1571–1575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ussher, M.H., Taylor, A.H., West, R., McEwen, A.Does exercise aid smoking cessation? A systematic review. Addiction 2000 Feb; 95: 199–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, M.J.Principles of brief intervention for adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995; 42: 335–349CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, R., McNeill, A., Raw, M.Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update. Health Education Authority. Thorax 2000; 55: 987–999CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, A.R., Rampes, H., Ernst, E.Acupuncture for smoking cessation The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2001Google Scholar
White, JMBehavioral interactions between nicotine and caffeine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 29: 63–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J.M., Ziedonis, D.Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction. Addict Behav 2004; 29: 1067–1083CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, D.F., Madans, J., Anda, R.F., Kleinman, J.C., Giovino, G.A., Byers, T.Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 739–745CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigmond, A.S., Snaith, R.P.The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67: 361–370CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.