Chapter Six - Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis

https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001Get rights and content

Abstract

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.

Section snippets

General Introduction

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are zoonotic diseases caused by Echinococcus spp. transmitted from carnivores. The history of these two distinct diseases has been reviewed in chapter ‘Historical Aspects of Echinococcosis’ by Eckert and Thompson (2017). In this chapter, the causative agents of human CE (a complex of several species with additional genotypes) are referred to using the well-recognized genotype terminology (G1–G10), although a more formal taxonomic

Global distribution

Although generally considered a parasite of the northern hemisphere, criteria for designation as an endemic region for E. multilocularis cannot be consistently defined largely due to marked global differences in surveillance effort and detection capacity, as well as variability in host assemblages and prevalence.

The most widely used systems for detection of genetic variability of E. multilocularis are the microsatellite EmsB and mitochondrial gene sequences. Due to its high discriminative

Global Distribution of Echinococcus spp. Causing Cystic Echinococcosis

The global endemic areas of Echinococcus spp. causing CE based on data mainly from domestic intermediate hosts are depicted in Fig. 5.

Acknowledgements

Paola Pepe and Vincenzo Musella (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy) for the work on the geographic maps; Rajnish Sharma (Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan) and Balbir Dhaliwal (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India) for epidemiological information concerning India, Nirmal K. Thapa (Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan) for insider information of

References (904)

  • C.A. Alvarez Rojas et al.

    Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans–review of current knowledge

    Int. J. Parasitol.

    (2014)
  • M. Ansari-Lari

    A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Shiraz, Iran, based on abattoir data during 1999–2004

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2005)
  • R. Azlaf et al.

    Epidemiological study of the cystic echinococcosis in Morocco

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2006)
  • R. Azlaf et al.

    Modelling the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the northwest and in the southwest of Morocco

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2007)
  • U. Bakal et al.

    A portable ultrasound based screening study on the prevalence and risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in primary school children in East Turkey

    Acta Trop.

    (2012)
  • H. Balbinotti et al.

    Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) loads in cattle from Southern Brazil

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2012)
  • K. Bardonnet et al.

    Combined eco-epidemiological and molecular biology approaches to assess Echinococcus granulosus transmission to humans in Mauritania: occurrence of the ‘camel’ strain and human cystic echinococcosis

    Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

    (2002)
  • K. Bardonnet et al.

    Cystic echinococcosis in Algeria: cattle act as reservoirs of a sheep strain and may contribute to human contamination

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2003)
  • J.M. Bart et al.

    EmsB, a tandem repeated multi-loci microsatellite, new tool to investigate the genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis

    Infect. Genet. Evol.

    (2006)
  • S. Beato et al.

    Apparent dominance of the G1-G3 genetic cluster of Echinococcus granulosus strains in the central inland region of Portugal

    Parasitol. Int.

    (2010)
  • S. Beato et al.

    Echinococcus granulosus in Portugal: the first report of the G7 genotype in cattle

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2013)
  • A. Benito et al.

    Dog echinococcosis in northern Spain: comparison of coproantigen and serum antibody assays with coprological exam

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2006)
  • O. Berke et al.

    Emergence of Echinococcus multilocularis among red foxes in northern Germany, 1991–2005

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2008)
  • Y.E. Beyhan et al.

    Molecular characterization and prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered water buffaloes in Turkey

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2011)
  • D. Bhattacharya et al.

    Genotypic characterisation of Indian cattle, buffalo and sheep isolates of Echinococcus granulosus

    Vet. Parasitol.

    (2007)
  • G.M. Bingham et al.

    A community-based study to examine the epidemiology of human cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro Province, Argentina

    Acta Trop.

    (2014)
  • M.H. Abd El Baki et al.

    Detection of G1 genotype of human cystic echinococcosis in Egypt

    J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol.

    (2009)
  • J. Abdi et al.

    Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis in Ilam province, Western Iran

    Iran. J. Parasitol.

    (2013)
  • A.G. Abdullaev et al.

    Clinical and laboratory symptoms of space-occupying hepatic lesions and their prognostic value

    Khirurgiia

    (2006)
  • J.M. Abdul-Salam et al.

    Hydatidosis in camels in Kuwait

    Parasitol. Res.

    (1988)
  • A. Abdybekova et al.

    Epidemiology of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan: an update

    J. Helminthol.

    (2015)
  • T. Abdyjaparov et al.

    Alveolar echinococcosis in rodents of mountainous pastures of Kyrgystan

  • A. Abdylazizov

    The current status of echinococcosis morbidity in Dagestan

    Mod. Technol.

    (2012)
  • N. Abu-Hasan et al.

    Human cystic echinococcosis in the West Bank of Palestine: surgical incidence and seroepidemiological study

    Parasitol. Res.

    (2002)
  • K.I. Abuladze

    Taenia tapeworms in animals and man and the diseases they cause

  • F. Addy et al.

    Prevalence and diversity of cystic echinococcosis in livestock in Maasailand, Kenya

    Parasitol. Res.

    (2012)
  • A.O. Afonja et al.

    Hydatid disease of the lung in Nigeria: case report

    J. Trop. Med. Hyg.

    (1972)
  • N.A. Ahmadi et al.

    An abattoir-based study on the prevalence and economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores in Ahwaz, south-western Iran

    J. Helminthol.

    (2011)
  • N.A. Ahmadi

    Hydatidosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their potential role in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran

    J. Helminthol.

    (2005)
  • M. Ahmed et al.

    Screening for human cystic echinococcosis in Sudan, a field survey using portable ultrasound

  • M.E. Ahmed et al.

    First Report on Circulation of Echinococcus ortleppi in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedaries)

    Sudan. BMC Vet. Res.

    (2013)
  • A.Q. Ajlouni et al.

    Intestinal cestodes of stray dogs in Jordan

    Z. Parasitenkd

    (1984)
  • S. Akhmedov et al.

    Surgical treatment of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver, complicated by jaundice

  • Y.H. Alam-Eldin et al.

    Molecular characterization of cystic echinococcosis: first record of G7 in Egypt and G1 in Yemen

    Acta Parasitol./Witold Stefanski Inst. Parasitol. Warszawa, Pol.

    (2015)
  • H.K. Al-Attar et al.

    Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: first case report from man in Iraq

    Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.

    (1983)
  • M. Alishani et al.

    The Impact of Socio-cultural Factors on Transmission of Taenia spp. and Echinococcus granulosus in Kosovo

    (2017)
  • A. Al-Jawabreh et al.

    Incidence of Echinococcus granulosus in domestic dogs in Palestine as revealed by copro-PCR

    PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.

    (2015)
  • S. Allaico

    Determinacion de hidatidosis en cerdos faenados en el camal de Azogues

    (2010)
  • K.M. Al-Qaoud et al.

    Canine echinococcosis in northern Jordan: increased prevalence and dominance of sheep/dog strain

    Parasitol. Res.

    (2003)
  • L.A. Al-Shibani et al.

    Cases of hydatidosis in patients referred to governmental hospitals for cyst removal in Sana'a City, Republic of Yemen

    Trop. Biomed.

    (2012)
  • Cited by (688)

    • Echinococcus species in wildlife

      2024, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text