Chapter Six - Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis
Section snippets
General Introduction
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are zoonotic diseases caused by Echinococcus spp. transmitted from carnivores. The history of these two distinct diseases has been reviewed in chapter ‘Historical Aspects of Echinococcosis’ by Eckert and Thompson (2017). In this chapter, the causative agents of human CE (a complex of several species with additional genotypes) are referred to using the well-recognized genotype terminology (G1–G10), although a more formal taxonomic
Global distribution
Although generally considered a parasite of the northern hemisphere, criteria for designation as an endemic region for E. multilocularis cannot be consistently defined largely due to marked global differences in surveillance effort and detection capacity, as well as variability in host assemblages and prevalence.
The most widely used systems for detection of genetic variability of E. multilocularis are the microsatellite EmsB and mitochondrial gene sequences. Due to its high discriminative
Global Distribution of Echinococcus spp. Causing Cystic Echinococcosis
The global endemic areas of Echinococcus spp. causing CE based on data mainly from domestic intermediate hosts are depicted in Fig. 5.
Acknowledgements
Paola Pepe and Vincenzo Musella (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy) for the work on the geographic maps; Rajnish Sharma (Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan) and Balbir Dhaliwal (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India) for epidemiological information concerning India, Nirmal K. Thapa (Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan) for insider information of
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