NewsThe “gender gap” in autoimmune disease
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2018, Journal of AutoimmunityCitation Excerpt :Higher serum levels of immunoglobulins after antigenic exposures, more frequent expression of autoantibodies and a more marked cell-mediated immunity after immunizations characterize the immune response of women [95,96]. Estrogens play an important role in immunologic behavior and high estrogen levels have been shown to inhibit a Th1 response and promote a Th2 response, favoring antibody production and antibody-dependent pathways. [95,96] ; low estrogen levels favor the Th1 response thus promoting cell-mediated pathways [90,95,96].
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