Article PDF
References
Gwaltney JM Jr. Historical eras of the common cold. In: Root RK, Sande MA, eds. Viral Infections: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1993;1–13.
Jackson GG. The Medical Research Council Common Cold Unit. Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts, England. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:1020–1.
Andrewes CH. Adventures among viruses: III. The puzzle of the common cold. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:1022–8.
Gwaltney JM Jr. The common cold. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995;561–6.
Couch KB. The common cold: control? J Infect Dis. 1984;150:167–73.
Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community: the Tecumseh study. JAMA. 1974;227:164–9.
Monto AS, Bryan ER, Ohmit S. Rhinovirus infections in Tecumseh, Michigan: frequency of illness and number of serotypes. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:43–9.
Rossmann MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, et al. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature. 1985;317:145–53.
Smith TJ, Kremer MJ, Luo M, et al. The site of attachment in human rhinovirus 14 for antiviral agents that inhabit uncoating. Science. 1986;133:1286–93.
Winther B, Gwaltney JM Jr, Mygind N. Sites of rhinovirus recovery after point inoculation of the upper airway. JAMA. 1986;156:1763.
Douglas RG Jr, Lindgren KM, Couch RB. Exposure to cold environment and rhinovirus common cold. Failure to demonstrate effect. N Engl J Med. 1968;279:742–7.
Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:606–12.
Stone AA, Bovbjerg DH, Neale JM, et al. Development of common cold symptoms following experimental rhinovirus infection is related to prior stressful life event. Beh Med. 1992;18:115–20.
Winther B. Effects on the nasal mucosa of upper respiratory viruses (common cold). Danish Med Bull. 1994;41:193–204.
Naclerio RM, Proud D, Lichtenstein LM, et al. Kinins are generated during experimental rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:133–42.
Proud D, Naclerio RM, Gwaltney JM Jr., Hendley JO. Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:120–3.
Proud D, Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO, Dinarello CA, Gillis S, Schleimer RP. Increased levels of interleukin-1 are detected in nasal secretions of volunteers during experimental rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1007–13.
Noah TL, Henderson FW, Wortman JA, et al. Nasal cytokine production in viral acute respiratory infection of childhood. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:584–92.
Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO. Rhinovirus transmission. One if by air, two if by hand. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;107:357–61.
Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM Jr. Mechanisms of transmission of rhinovirus infections. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;10:242–58.
Gwaltney JM Jr, Moskalski PB, Hendley JO. Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:463–7.
Dick EC, Jennings LC, Mink KA, Wartgow CD, Inhorn SL. Aerosol transmission of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:442–8.
D’Alessio DJ, Meschievitz CK, Peterson JA, Dick CR, Dick EC. Short-duration exposure and the transmission of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:189–94.
Meschievitz CK, Schultz SB, Dick EC. A model for obtaining predictable natural transmission of rhinoviruses in human volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:195–200.
Warshauer DM, Dick EC, Mandel AD, Flynn TC, Jerde RS. Rhinovirus infections in an isolated Antarctic station: transmission of the viruses and susceptibility of the population. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:319–40.
Foy HM, Cooney MK, Hall C, Malmgren J, Fox JP. Case-to-case intervals of rhinovirus and influenza virus infections in households. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:180–2.
Ansari SA, Springthorpe VS, Sattar JA, Rivard S, Rahman M. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:2115–9.
Hendley JO, Wenzel RP, Gwaltney JM Jr. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:1361–4.
Levandowski RA, Ou DW, Jackson GG. Acute-phase decrease of T lymphocyte subsets in rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:743–8.
Hsia J, Goldstein AL, Simon GL, Sztein M, Hayden FG. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production, cytotoxicity, and antigen-stimulated blastogenesis during experimental rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:591–7.
Sung BS. Chonmaitree T, Broemeling LD, et al. Association of rhinovirus infection with poor bacteriologic outcome of bacterial-viral otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:38–42.
Elkhatieb A, Hipskind G, Woerner D, Hayden FG. Middle ear abnormalities during natural rhinovirus colds in adults. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:618–21.
Gwaltney JM Jr, Phillips CD, Miller RD, Riker DK. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:25–30.
Turner BW, Cail WS, Hendley JO, et al. Physiologic abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses during experimental rhinovirus colds. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:474–8.
Al-Nakib W, Tyrrell DA. Drugs against rhinoviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992;30:115–7.
Hayden FG, Gwaltney JM Jr. Intranasal interferon-alpha 2 treatment of experimental rhinoviral colds. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:174–80.
Samo TC, Greenberg SB, Couch RB, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of intranasally applied recombinant leukocyte A interferon in normal volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:535–42.
Farr BM, Gwaltney JM Jr, Adams K, Hayden FG. Intranasal interferon-alpha 2 for prevention of natural rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;26:31–4.
Hayden FG, Hipskind GJ, Woerner DH, et al. Intranasal pirodavir (R77, 975) treatment of rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:290–4.
Graham NMH, Burell CJ, Douglas RM, Debelle P, Davies L. Adverse effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1277–82.
Sperber SJ, Hendley JO, Hayden FG, Riker DK, Sorrentino JV, Gwaltney JM Jr. Effects of naproxen on experimental rhinovirus colds: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:37–41.
Farr BM, Gwaltney JM Jr, Handley JO, et al. A randomized controlled trial of glucocorticoid prophylaxis against experimental rhinovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1173–7.
Howard JC Jr, Kantner TR, Lilienfield LS, et al. Effectiveness of antihistamines in the symptomatic management of the common cold. JAMA. 1979;242:2414–7.
Gaffey MJ, Kaiser DL, Hayden FG. Ineffectiveness of oral terfenadine in natural colds: evidence against histamine as a mediator of common cold symptoms. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7:223–8.
Berkowitz RB, Tinkelman DG. Evaluation of oral terfenadine for treatment of the common cold. Ann Allergy. 1991;67:593–7.
Gwaltney JM Jr, Park J, Paul RA, Edelman D, O’Connor RR, Turner RB. A controlled trial of clemastine fumarate in experimental rhinovirus colds [abstract H41]. Abstracts of the 34th ICAAC. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1994.
Borum P, Olsen L, Winther B, Mygind N. Ipratropium nasal spray: a new treatment for rhinorrhea in the common cold. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123:418–20.
Akerlund A, Klint T, Olen L, Rundcrantz H. Nasal decongestant effect of oxymetazoline in the common cold: an objective dose-response study in 106 patients. J Laryngol Otol. 1989;103:743–6.
Berkowitz RB, Connell JT, Dietz AJ, Greenstein JM, Tinkelman DG. The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratidine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold. Ann Allergy. 1989;63:336–9.
Gwaltney JM Jr. Combined antiviral and antimediator treatment of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:776–82.
Pinnock CB, Graham NM, Mylvaganam A, Douglas RM. Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:352–6.
Tyrrell D, Barrow I, Arthur J. Local hyperthermia benefits natural and experimental common colds. BMJ. 1989;298:1280–3.
Macknin MI, Mathew S, Medendorp S. Effect of inhaling heated vapor in symptoms of the common cold. JAMA. 1990;264:989–91.
Forstall GJ, Macknin ML, Yen-Lieberman BR, Medendrop SV. Effect of inhaling heated vapor on symptoms of the common cold. JAMA. 1994;271:1109–11.
Farr BM, Conner EM, Betts RF, Oleske J, Minnefor A, Gwaltney JM Jr. Two randomized controlled trials of zinc gluconate lozenge therapy of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;31:1183–7.
Douglas RM, Miles HB, Moore BW, Ryan P, Pinnock CB. Failure of effervescent zinc acetate lozenges to alter the course of upper respiratory tract infections in Australian adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;31:1263–5.
Godfrey JC, Sloane BC, Smith PS, Turco JN, Mercer N, Godfrey NJ. Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:234–46.
Chalmers TC. Effects of ascorbic acid on the common cold. An evaluation of the evidence. Am J Med. 1975;58:532–6.
Panusarn C, Stanley ED, Dirda V, Rubenis M, Jackson GG. Prevention of illness from rhinovirus infection by a topical interferon inducer. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:57–61.
Hayden FG, Gwaltney JM Jr. Intranasal interferon alpha 2 for prevention of rhinovirus infection and illness. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:543–50.
Douglas RM, Moore BW, Miles HB, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of alpha 2-interferon against rhinovirus infections in the family setting. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:65–70.
Monto AS, Schwartz SA, Albrecht JK. Ineffectiveness of postexposure prophylaxis of rhinovirus infection with low-dose intranasal alpha 2b interferon in families. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33:387–90.
Sperber SJ, Levine PA, Sorrentino JV, Riker DK, Hayden FG. Ineffectiveness of recombinant interferon-beta serine nasal drops for prophylaxis of natural colds. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:700–5.
Schwartz AR, Toyo Y, Hornick RB, Tominaga S, Gleckman RA. Evaluation of the efficacy of ascorbic acid in prophylaxis of induced rhinovirus 44 infection in man. J Infect Dis. 1973;128:500–5.
Coulehan JL, Reisinger KS, Rogers KD, Bradley DW. Vitamin C prophylaxis in a boarding school. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:6–10.
Coulehan JL, Eberhard S, Kapner L, Taylor F, Rogers K, Garry P. Vitamin C and acute illness in Navaho school children. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:973–7.
Hayden GF, Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM Jr. The effect of placebo and virucidal paper handkerchiefs on viral contamination of the hand and transmission of experimental rhinoviral infection. J Infect Dis. 1985;152:403–7.
Dick EC, Hossain SU, Mink KA, et al. Interruption of transmission of rhinovirus colds among human volunteers using virucidal paper handkerchiefs. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:352–6.
Hayden GF, Deforest D, Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM Jr. Inactivation of rhinovirus on human fingers by virucidal activity of glutaric acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;26:928–9.
Benchley R. How to avoid colds. In: Benchley—Or Else. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947; 164–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
From the Section of Infectious Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Dr. Lorber is a Thomas M. Durant Professor of Medicine.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lorber, B. The common cold. J Gen Intern Med 11, 229–236 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642480
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642480