Outcome | No. of studies | No. of participants | No. of events | Mean difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients with COVID-19 versus those without COVID-19 | ||||||
Preeclampsia | 13 | 424 344 | 28 326 | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.73) | 31 | |
Gestational diabetes | 13 | 425 890 | 40 567 | 1.03 (0.76 to 1.39) | 54 | |
Fetal distress | 3 | 874 | 47 | 1.50 (0.64 to 3.53) | 8 | |
Stillbirth | 6 | 413 122 | 1366 | 2.11 (1.14 to 3.90) | 24 | |
Chorioamnionitis or intra-amniotic infection | 5 | 4368 | 433 | 0.85 (0.57 to 1.26) | 0 | |
Admission to the ICU | 5 | 409 737 | 2012 | 4.78 (2.03 to 11.25) | 76 | |
Cesarean delivery | 22 | 429 366 | 121 650 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.23) | 78 | |
Postpartum hemorrhage | 5 | 2981 | 355 | 0.89 (0.52 to 1.53) | 55 | |
Preterm birth | 18 | 425 357 | 25 071 | 1.82 (1.38 to 2.39) | 64 | |
Neonatal sex, male | 5 | 11 985 | 6369 | 0.97 (0.71 to 1.33) | 9 | |
Gestational age at birth, wk | 13 | 4197 | −0.24 (−0.49 to 0.00) | 61 | ||
Birth weight, g | 13 | 2973 | −68.96 (−130.22 to −7.69) | 29 | ||
Low birth weight | 2 | 1054 | 678 | 2.32 (0.26 to 21.07) | 85 | |
Admission to the NICU | 10 | 5675 | 785 | 3.69 (1.39 to 9.82) | 94 | |
Neonatal death | 5 | 2838 | 1.10 (0.41 to 2.95) | 0 | ||
Patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic COVID-19 | ||||||
Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia | 8 | 4122 | 333 | 1.20 (0.92 to 1.56) | 1 | |
Gestational diabetes | 5 | 3767 | 256 | 1.12 (0.82 to 1.55) | 0 | |
Mechanical ventilation | 3 | 1023 | 62 | 16.29 (3.88 to 68.47) | 0 | |
Admission to the ICU | 4 | 1178 | 97 | 7.40 (0.48 to 114.24) | 76 | |
Cesarean delivery | 9 | 4232 | 1406 | 1.57 (1.32 to 1.85) | 1 | |
Preterm birth | 9 | 4233 | 582 | 2.29 (1.49 to 3.53) | 57 | |
Admission to the NICU | 4 | 2365 | 248 | 3.47 (0.38 to 31.49) | 88 | |
Neonatal death | 4 | 938 | 11 | 3.67 (0.88 to 15.29) | 0 | |
Patients with severe versus mild COVID-19 | ||||||
Preeclampsia | 5 | 521 | 40 | 4.16 (1.55 to 11.15) | 0 | |
Gestational diabetes | 5 | 1140 | 105 | 1.99 (1.09 to 3.64) | 14 | |
Abnormal liver function | 4 | 350 | 116 | 6.47 (2.60 to 16.09) | 50 | |
Lymphopenia | 4 | 561 | 221 | 3.04 (1.93 to 4.79) | 0 | |
Admission to the ICU | 5 | 757 | 70 | 15.46 (5.79 to 41.23) | 0 | |
Mechanical ventilation | 5 | 962 | 97 | 19.31 (9.38 to 39.72) | 0 | |
Cesarean delivery | 8 | 1138 | 452 | 2.58 (1.64 to 4.06) | 43 | |
Preterm birth | 10 | 1393 | 277 | 4.29 (2.41 to 7.63) | 61 | |
Gestational age at birth, wk | 8 | 709 | −3.50 (−5.96 to −1.03) | 91 | ||
Low birth weight | 2 | 400 | 74 | 1.89 (1.14 to 3.12) | 0 | |
Admission to the NICU | 5 | 729 | 160 | 3.95 (1.43 to 10.95) | 79 | |
Neonatal death | 3 | 827 | 12 | 33.71 (5.18 to 219.44) | 0 |
Note: CI = confidence interval, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, ICU = intensive care unit, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit, OR = odds ratio.