Table 2:

Associations between alcohol consumption and adverse clinical outcome events

Outcome events	Nondrinkers	> 0 to < 1 drink/d	1 to < 2 drinks/d	≥ 2 drinks/d	p for linear trend	p for quadratic trend
Stroke or systemic embolism
Events	31	57	21	27
Person-years	2395	6321	2325	2406
Incidence per 100 person-years	1.29	0.90	0.90	1.12
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted	1 (Ref.)	0.74 (0.47–1.16)	0.65 (0.36–1.14)	0.83 (0.48–1.43)	0.43	0.13
Multivariable adjusted^*	1 (Ref.)	0.87 (0.55–1.37)	0.70 (0.39–1.25)	0.96 (0.56–1.67)	0.71	0.22
Major bleeding or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding
Events	115	264	91	108
Person-years	2240	5984	2198	2264
Incidence per 100 person-years	5.13	4.41	4.14	4.77
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted	1 (Ref.)	0.90 (0.72–1.12)	0.73 (0.55–0.97)	0.86 (0.65–1.13)	0.14	0.13
Multivariable adjusted^*	1 (Ref.)	0.95 (0.76–1.20)	0.78 (0.59–1.05)	0.93 (0.70–1.23)	0.37	0.23
Hospital admission for heart failure
Events	98	178	43	77
Person-years	2327	6160	2279	2338
Incidence per 100 person-years	4.21	2.89	1.89	3.29
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted	1 (Ref.)	0.75 (0.58–0.97)	0.41 (0.29–0.60)	0.75 (0.55–1.03)	0.005	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted^*	1 (Ref.)	1.00 (0.77–1.29)	0.60 (0.41–0.87)	1.07 (0.78–1.47)	0.54	0.01
All-cause mortality
Events	121	136	51	65
Person-years	2463	6419	2364	2440
Incidence per 100 person-years	4.91	2.12	2.16	2.66
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted	1 (Ref.)	0.41 (0.32–0.53)	0.34 (0.24–0.47)	0.42 (0.31–0.58)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted^*	1 (Ref.)	0.61 (0.47–0.79)	0.49 (0.35–0.69)	0.63 (0.45–0.86)	0.002	0.001
Myocardial infarction
Events	35	31	12	17
Person-years	2420	6360	2345	2419
Incidence per 100 person-years	1.45	0.49	0.51	0.70
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted	1 (Ref.)	0.34 (0.20–0.55)	0.30 (0.15–0.59)	0.42 (0.23–0.78)	0.007	0.002
Multivariable adjusted^*	1 (Ref.)	0.41 (0.25–0.69)	0.39 (0.20–0.78)	0.55 (0.29–1.03)	0.07	0.007

Note: CI = confidence interval, Ref. = reference category.
↵* Adjusted for age, sex, education, hypertension, history of heart failure, history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, history of stroke, anticoagulation, history of coronary heart disease, renal failure, atrial fibrillation type and health perception.