Primary and secondary outcomes at 90-day follow-up in participants who used sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors compared with those who used dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
| Outcome | Observed | Weighted* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. events (%) | No. events (%) | RD,† % (95% CI) | RR† (95% CI) | p value | |||
| Participants taking SGLT2 inhibitors n = 19 611 | Participants taking DPP4 inhibitors n = 19 483 | Participants taking SGLT2 inhibitors n = 19 611 | Participants taking DPP4 inhibitors n = 19 775 | ||||
| Primary | |||||||
| Hospital encounter with AKI‡ | 216 (1.10) | 388 (1.99) | 216 (1.10) | 275 (1.39) | −0.29 (−0.57 to −0.01) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | 0.04 |
| Secondary | |||||||
| Admission to hospital with AKI | 149 (0.76) | 291 (1.49) | 149 (0.76) | 206 (1.04) | −0.28 (−0.53 to −0.03) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.95) | 0.02 |
| Hospital encounter with moderate-to-severe AKI§ | 44 (0.22) | 74 (0.38) | 44 (0.22) | 55 (0.28) | −0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) | 0.81 (0.49 to 1.33) | 0.40 |
| AKI in outpatient setting only | 573 (2.92) | 609 (3.13) | 573 (2.92) | 513 (2.60) | 0.33 (−0.12 to 0.77) | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.33) | 0.16 |
| AKI in all settings | 716 (3.65) | 837 (4.30) | 716 (3.65) | 681 (3.44) | 0.21 (−0.28 to 0.70) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.22) | 0.42 |
Note: AKI = acute kidney injury, CI = confidence interval, DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4, RD = risk difference, RR = risk ratio, SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.
↵* Weighted using inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores, using weights to estimate the average treatment effect in the treated.
↵† Reference group: DPP4 inhibitor users.
↵‡ Based on hospital presentation (emergency department or admission to hospital) and assessed using the results for serum creatinine level from the Ontario Laboratories Information System. We defined this using thresholds from the 2012 Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) working group: an increase in serum creatinine level of 50% or greater or an absolute increase of at least 27 μmol/L compared with baseline.33
↵§ We defined moderate-to-severe AKI according to KDIGO staging thresholds of stages 2 and 3 combined.33