Characteristic | No. deliveries | With episiotomy | |
---|---|---|---|
No. | Rate, % | ||
All vaginal deliveries | 2 570 847 | 374 071 | 14.6 |
Spontaneous | 2 205 056 | 206 184 | 9.4 |
Operative | 365 791 | 167 877 | 45.9 |
Forceps | 89 145 | 58 284 | 65.4 |
Vacuum | 258 058 | 97 057 | 37.6 |
Sequential | 18 588 | 12 546 | 67.5 |
Maternal age, yr | |||
< 20 | 114 419 | 18 588 | 16.2 |
20–24 | 410 675 | 59 219 | 14.4 |
25–29 | 779 305 | 118 272 | 15.2 |
30–34 | 829 780 | 119 524 | 14.4 |
35–39 | 369 479 | 49 388 | 13.4 |
40–44 | 64 577 | 8698 | 13.5 |
≥ 45 | 2610 | 380 | 14.6 |
Parity | |||
1 | 877 676 | 221 647 | 25.3 |
2–3 | 709 375 | 68 555 | 9.7 |
≥ 4 | 393 222 | 15 603 | 4.0 |
Induction | |||
Yes | 589 819 | 94 016 | 15.9 |
No | 1 981 028 | 280 055 | 14.1 |
Epidural | |||
Yes | 1 096 568 | 193 756 | 17.7 |
No | 1 474 279 | 180 315 | 12.2 |
Prolonged second stage | |||
Yes | 130 426 | 49 978 | 38.3 |
No | 2 440 421 | 324 093 | 13.3 |
Fetal distress | |||
Yes | 591 902 | 147 875 | 25.0 |
No | 1 978 945 | 226 196 | 11.4 |
Birth weight, g | |||
< 2500 | 40 151 | 5365 | 13.4 |
2500–2999 | 369 207 | 53 437 | 14.5 |
3000–3499 | 1 027 742 | 149 274 | 14.5 |
3500–3999 | 840 322 | 122 293 | 14.6 |
4000–4499 | 253 484 | 37 504 | 14.8 |
≥ 4500 | 39 941 | 6198 | 15.5 |
↵* P value for all bivariable comparisons < 0.0001; derived from Χ2 test for difference in proportion of maternal or infant characteristics among deliveries with and without episiotomy in each respective parity and obstetric history group.