Logistic regression model of factors associated with patent foramen ovale*
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients with no PFO n = 1206 | No. (%) of patients with PFO n = 66 | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atrial fibrillation | 298 (24.7) | 9 (13.6) | 0.48 (0.22–0.94) | NA |
| Sex, male | 634 (52.6) | 36 (54.5) | 1.08 (0.66–1.79) | 0.91 (0.54–1.53) |
| Age > 60 yr | 977 (81.0) | 37 (56.1) | 0.30 (0.18–0.50) | 0.34 (0.20–0.57) |
| Hypertension | 790 (65.5) | 34 (51.5) | 0.56 (0.34–0.92) | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) |
| Dyslipidemia | 275 (22.8) | 6 (9.1) | 0.34 (0.13–0.73) | 0.39 (0.15–0.84) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 327 (27.1) | 13 (19.7) | 0.66 (0.34–1.19) | 0.77 (0.39–1.42) |
| Prior stroke or TIA | 239 (19.8) | 4 (6.1) | 0.26 (0.08–0.64) | 0.31 (0.09–0.76) |
| Heart failure | 71 (5.9) | 2 (3.0) | 0.50 (0.08–1.64) | NA |
| Coronary artery disease | 124 (10.3) | 4 (6.1) | 0.56 (0.17–1.39) | NA |
Note: CI = confidence interval, NA = not applicable, OR = odds ratio, PFO = patent foramen ovale, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* We did not include atrial fibrillation, heart failure or coronary artery disease in our final model to avoid model overfitting and based on prior literature of risk factors for PFO.