Relation between perioperative complications and 30-day mortality*
| Outcome | No. of patients who died/total no. of patients with the outcome | Percentage (95% CI) of patients who died | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | AF,† % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major bleeding | 361/6238 | 5.8 (5.2–6.4) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 17.0 |
| No major bleeding | 354/33 766 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | Ref. | |
| MINS | 314/5191 | 6.0 (5.4–6.7) | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | 15.9 |
| No MINS | 401/34 813 | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | Ref. | |
| Sepsis | 215/1783 | 12.1 (10.6–13.7) | 5.6 (4.6–6.8) | 12.0 |
| Infection without sepsis | 55/2171 | 2.5 (2.0–3.3) | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | 2.8 |
| No sepsis or infection | 445/36 050 | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | Ref. | |
| Acute kidney injury with dialysis | 49/118 | 41.5 (33.0–50.5) | 4.2 (3.1–5.8) | 1.1 |
| No acute kidney injury with dialysis | 666/39 886 | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | Ref. | |
| Stroke | 27/132 | 20.5 (14.5–28.1) | 3.7 (2.5–5.7) | 0.8 |
| No stroke | 688/39 872 | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | Ref. | |
| Venous thromboembolism | 15/299 | 5.0 (3.1–8.1) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) | 0.3 |
| No venous thromboembolism | 700/39 705 | 1.8 (1.6–1.9) | Ref. | |
| Congestive heart failure | 54/372 | 14.5 (11.3–18.5) | 2.4 (1.7–3.2) | 0.7 |
| No congestive heart failure | 661/39 632 | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | Ref. | |
| New, clinically important atrial fibrillation | 44/370 | 11.9 (9.0–15.6) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | NA |
| No new, clinically important atrial fibrillation | 671/39 634 | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | Ref. | |
Note: AF = attributable fraction, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, MINS = myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, NA = not applicable, Ref. = reference.
↵* Cox proportional hazards model in which the dependent variable was 30-day mortality and the independent variables included preoperative and surgical variables previously associated with 30-day perioperative mortality and perioperative complications as time-dependent variables.
↵† The AF is a measure that represents the proportional reduction in mortality within a population that would occur if the incidence of a complication was reduced to 0, provided that a causal relation existed between that complication and 30-day mortality. We used frequency of a complication and the association between the complication and mortality to calculate the AF.