Patient baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients n = 40 004 |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | |
| 45–64 | 22 141 (55.3) |
| 65–74 | 10 160 (25.4) |
| ≥ 75 | 7703 (19.3) |
| Sex, female | 19 877 (49.7) |
| History of | |
| Hypertension | 20 152 (50.5) n = 39 917 |
| Diabetes | 8332 (20.9) n = 39 905 |
| Coronary artery disease | 5159 (12.9) n = 39 876 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 3203 (8.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3165 (7.9) |
| Coronary revascularization | 2256 (5.7) n = 39 828 |
| Stroke | 1682 (4.2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1424 (3.6) n = 39 870 |
| High-risk coronary artery disease | 384 (1.0) |
| Cardiac arrest | 235 (0.6) n = 39 868 |
| Coronary revascularization within 6 mo | 138 (0.3) n = 39 827 |
| Active cancer | 9832 (24.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation just before surgery | 1123 (2.8) n = 39 876 |
| Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | n = 37 290 |
| < 30 | 1515 (4.1) |
| 30–44 | 1774 (4.8) |
| 45–59 | 3707 (9.9) |
| > 60 | 30 294 (81.2) |
| Surgical category* | |
| Major general | 7950 (19.9) |
| Major orthopedic | 6982 (17.5) |
| Major urology and gynecology | 4827 (12.1) |
| Major vascular | 2642 (6.6) |
| Major neurosurgery | 2341 (5.9) |
| Major thoracic | 1165 (2.9) |
| Low-risk surgery only | 14 383 (36.0) |
| Urgent or emergent surgery | 4189 (10.5) |
| Type of anesthesia | n = 39 969 |
| General only | 20 760 (51.9) |
| Neuraxial (spinal or epidural) only | 9557 (23.9) |
| General with nitrous oxide only | 3805 (9.5) |
| General and thoracic epidural only | 1658 (4.1) |
| General and nerve block only | 1252 (3.1) |
| Other | 2937 (7.3) |
↵* No. of patients with 2 major surgery categories = 280; no. of patients with 3 major surgery categories = 3.