Table 2:

Utilization of pain interventions and secondary outcomes, by intervention group

Characteristic	No. (%) of participants^*
Characteristic	Control group	Pain pamphlet group	Pain pamphlet and pain video group	Omnibus test p value^†
Utilization of pain interventions at infant vaccinations
Used any intervention^‡	437 (53.2)^a,^b n = 821	538 (61.4)^a n = 876	531 (63.0)^b n = 843	< 0.001
Used breastfeeding	422 (51.2)^a,^b n = 824	502 (57.3)^a n = 876	472 (56.0)^b n = 843	0.03
Used sucrose solution	25 (3.0)^a,^b n = 823	71 (8.1)^a n = 878	81 (9.6)^b n = 843	< 0.001
Used topical anesthetic	15 (1.8)^b n = 821	26 (3.0)^c n = 876	41 (4.9)^b,^c n = 843	0.002
Attitudes and beliefs about pain and pain management
Participant stated that vaccination pain is important to manage	672 (81.5)^a,^b n = 825	760 (86.5)^a n = 879	744 (88.2)^b n = 844	< 0.001
Participant believed what they did helped	700 (85.2)^b n = 822	772 (88.1) n = 876	757 (90.3)^b n = 838	0.005
Participant was satisfied with pain management	715 (87.2)^a,^b n = 820	797 (91.0)^a n = 876	767 (91.4)^b n = 839	0.007
Score for participant confidence in ability to manage vaccination pain (0–10), mean ± SD	7.0 ± 2.2^a,^b n = 820	7.4 ± 2.1^a,^c n = 873	7.6 ± 2.0^b,^c n = 832	< 0.001
Score for participant-reported infant pain at vaccination (0–10), mean ± SD	6.0 ± 2.1^a,^b n = 524	5.7 ± 2.2^a n = 561	5.6 ± 2.2^b n = 530	0.02
Knowledge about pain interventions
Participant score on knowledge test (0–3), mean ± SD^¶	1.1 ± 0.9^a,^b n = 815	1.3 ± 1.0^a,^c n = 868	1.4 ± 1.0^b,^c n = 828	< 0.001
Compliance with vaccinations
Infant age at vaccination, mean ± SD; d	121 ± 51 n = 826	125 ± 52 n = 879	122 ± 51 n = 844	0.4
Infant age at 2 mo vaccination, mean ± SD; d	67 ± 14 n = 305	68 ± 26 n = 310	66 ± 12 n = 306	0.2
Infant age at 4 mo vaccination, mean ± SD; d	124 ± 14 n = 282	126 ± 14 n = 300	125 ± 16 n = 289	0.3
Infant age at 6 mo vaccination, mean ± SD; d	187 ± 20 n = 239	187 ± 19 n = 269	187 ± 20 n = 249	0.9

Note: SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless specified otherwise.
↵† Omnibus test (χ² or mixed methods) p value for comparisons among the 3 treatment groups. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with p values < 0.05 are denoted by the following symbols: a = control group v. pain pamphlet group, b = control group v. pain pamphlet and pain video group and c = pain pamphlet group v. pain pamphlet and pain video group.
↵‡ Interventions included breastfeeding, sucrose solution and topical anesthetic.
↵¶ The following script and questions were read to all mothers and each correct answer was given a score of 1 (total range, 0–3). “Can you tell me what you know now about whether these things actually work to lessen a baby’s pain from needles (i.e., as the needle is going in)? 1. Giving a baby sugar water to drink reduces pain. 2. Breastfeeding a baby reduces pain. 3. Using numbing medicines such as topical anesthetics reduces pain.