Associations between opioid use and trauma outcomes in patients who had a fall*
| Predictors | Opioid use, n (%)† | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n = 3041 | No n = 59 243 | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 2375 (78.1) | 41 732 (70.4) | 1.50 (1.37–1.64) | 1.51 (1.38–1.65) |
| Male | 665 (21.9) | 17 511 (29.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Age category, yr | ||||
| 65–74 | 670 (22.) | 13 687 (23.1) | Reference | Reference |
| 75–84 | 1287 (42.3) | 24 503 (41.4) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) |
| ≥ 85 | 1084 (35.6) | 21 053 (35.5) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 0.87 (0.79–1.00) |
| No. of injuries | ||||
| 1 | 1976 (65.0) | 37 580 (63.4) | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 624 (20.5) | 11 747 (19.8) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) |
| ≥ 3 | 441 (14.5) | 9916 (16.7) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) |
| AIS injury regions | ||||
| Head | 355 (11.7) | 8690 (14.7) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 0.97 (0.87–1.13) |
| Face | 243 (8.0) | 5596 (9.4) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) |
| Neck | 8 (0.3) | 187 (0.3) | 0.83 (0.41–1.69) | 0.89 (0.44–1.83) |
| Thorax | 444 (14.6) | 7203 (12.2) | 1.24 (1.11–1.37) | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) |
| Abdomen | 44 (1.4) | 1170 (2.0) | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.72 (0.53–1.00) |
| Spine | 399 (13.1) | 6508 (11.0) | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) |
| Upper extremity | 716 (23.5) | 14 471 (24.4) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 1.91 (0.91–1.12) |
| Lower extremity | 2106 (69.3) | 40 537 (68.4) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) |
| Major trauma (ISS > 15) | ||||
| Yes | 199 (6.5) | 5678 (9.6) | 0.66 (0.57–0.77) | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) |
| No | 2842 (93.5) | 53 565 (90.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Surgery during hospital stay | ||||
| Yes | 1626 (53.5) | 35 503 (59.9) | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) | 0.74 (0.68–0.80) |
| No | 1415 (46.4) | 23 740 (40.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Admission to intensive care unit | ||||
| Yes | 259 (8.5) | 5874 (9.9) | 0.85 (0.74–0.96) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) |
| No | 2782 (91.5) | 53 369 (90.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Death at hospital | ||||
| Yes | 174 (5.7) | 2331 (3.9) | 1.48 (1.27–1.74) | 1.58 (1.34–1.86) |
| No | 2867 (94.3) | 56 912 (96.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Median (IQR) hospital stay duration (d) | 14 (18) | 12 (16) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06)§ | 1.04 (1.03–1.06)§ |
Note: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CI = confidence interval, IQR = interquartile range, ISS = Injury Severity Scale, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Associations between opioid use within 2 weeks before the injury and trauma outcomes for patients who had a fall as injury mechanism (n = 62 284).
↵† Unless otherwise indicated.
↵‡ Adjusted for all variables included in the table.
↵§ OR is expressed for each 10 days.