| Hormonal | Vulvovaginal atrophy (hypoestrogenic states such as menopause, breastfeeding, use of low-dose birth control) |
| Infectious | Candidiasis, herpes simplex virus |
| Inflammatory or dermatoses | Dermatitis, lichen sclerosis, lichen planus, immunobullous disorders |
| Muscular | Vaginismus, myofascial pain |
| Neurologic | Herpes neuralgia, pudendal neuralgia, spinal nerve compression or injury, neuroma |
| Anatomic | Clitoral adhesions, narrowing of the vaginal opening |
| Neoplastic | Paget disease, squamous cell carcinoma |
| Iatrogenic | Postoperative, chemotherapy, pelvic radiation |
| Trauma | Female genital cutting, obstetrical |