Odds ratios for gestational diabetes mellitus, by characteristics of the index pregnancy among included births to women who underwent screening in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario (2002–2014)*
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|
| Mean outdoor air temperature over the 30-day period before 27th wk of pregnancy per 10°C increment | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
| Age per 1-yr increment | 1.08 (1.07–1.08) | 1.09 (1.09–1.10) |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1 | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) |
| ≥ 2 | 1.45 (1.41–1.49) | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) |
| Neighbourhood income | ||
| Q1 (lowest) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Q2 | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) |
| Q3 | 0.79 (0.77–0.82) | 0.85 (0.82–0.88) |
| Q4 | 0.66 (0.64–0.69) | 0.73 (0.71–0.76) |
| Q5 (highest) | 0.51 (0.49–0.53) | 0.55 (0.53–0.58) |
| World region of birth | ||
| Canada | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Western Nations and Europe | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.89 (0.85–0.95) |
| Hispanic America | 1.55 (1.46–1.65) | 1.49 (1.40–1.60) |
| Caribbean | 1.42 (1.32–1.52) | 1.42 (1.32–1.53) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.50 (1.40–1.60) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) |
| Middle East and North Africa | 1.47 (1.38–1.56) | 1.38 (1.30–1.47) |
| East Asia and Pacific | 2.04 (1.97–2.12) | 1.70 (1.64–1.76) |
| South Asia | 2.80 (2.72–2.89) | 2.95 (2.85–3.04) |
| Year child was born‡ | ||
| 2002 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2003 | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) |
| 2004 | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) |
| 2005 | 1.40 (1.32–1.49) | 1.26 (1.18–1.33) |
| 2006 | 1.51 (1.42–1.60) | 1.33 1.25–1.41) |
| 2007 | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) |
| 2008 | 1.78 (1.68–1.89) | 1.53 (1.44–1.62) |
| 2009 | 1.84 (1.74–1.95) | 1.56 (1.46–1.65) |
| 2010 | 1.76 (1.66–1.87) | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) |
| 2011 | 1.79 (1.68–1.90) | 1.48 (1.39–1.57) |
| 2012 | 1.86 (1.75–1.97) | 1.53 (1.44–1.62) |
| 2013 | 1.62 (1.52–1.72) | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratios, Q = quintile, ref = referent.
↵* No. of included births, n = 555 911; no. of included women, n = 396 828.
↵† Odds ratios are adjusted for all variables listed in the table.
↵‡ Fiscal year, from Apr. 1 of the indicated year to Mar. 31 of the subsequent year, as defined by Ontario’s Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.