Prognostic properties of studies included in the systematic review
| Study, year | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) | LR+ (95% CI) | LR− (95% CI) | PPV, % (95% CI) | NPV, % (95% CI) | DOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al., (21) 2008 | 78.6 (49.2–95.3) | 67.2 (60.2–73.7) | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 0.32 (0.12–0.87) | 14.5 (7.5–24.4) | 97.8 (93.7–99.5) | 7.50 (2.50–22.54) |
| Moss et al., (1) 2008 | 45.5 (24.4–67.8) | 80.8 (72.8–87.3) | 2.4 (1.3–4.2) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 29.4 (15.1–47.5) | 89.4 (82.2–94.4) | 3.51 (1.58–7.78) |
| Cohen et al., (20) 2010 (derivation cohort) | 63.0 (42.4–80.6) | 87.4 (83.8–90.4) | 5.0 (3.4–7.3) | 0.42 (0.26–0.69) | 24.3 (14.8–36.0) | 97.3 (95.2–98.7) | 11.77 (5.85–23.67) |
| Cohen et al., (20) 2010 (validation cohort) | 47.2 (30.4–64.5) | 89.8 (86.3–92.6) | 4.6 (2.9–7.3) | 0.59 (0.43–0.8) | 29.8 (18.4–43.4) | 94.9 (92.1–96.9) | 7.85 (4.25–14.51) |
| Moss et al., (26) 2010 | 74.6 (62.9–84.2) | 89.8 (87.4–91.9) | 7.3 (5.7–9.4) | 0.28 (0.19–0.42) | 40.8 (32.2–49.7) | 97.4 (95.9–98.5) | 25.93 (15.88–42.34) |
| Da Silva Gane et al., (30) 2013 | 57.7 (43.2–71.3) | 74.7 (69.3–79.5) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 0.57 (0.41–0.78) | 28.8 (20.4–38.6) | 90.8 (86.5–94.2) | 4.02 (2.41–6.70) |
| Pang et al., (22) 2013 | 61.4 (45.5–75.6) | 74.6 (69.5–79.3) | 2.4 (1.8–3.3) | 0.52 (0.35–0.76) | 24.8 (17.0–34.0) | 93.4 (89.7–96.1) | 4.67 (2.69–8.10) |
| Reilly et al., (23) 2013 | 100 (87.7–100) | 31.6 (19.9–45.2) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.05 (0.00–0.87) | 41.8 (29.8–54.5) | 100 (81.5–100) | 26.70 (2.44–291.88) |
| Khan et al., (24) 2014 | 82.2 (75.8–87.5) | 71.9 (66.6–76.7) | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | 0.25 (0.18–0.34) | 62.2 (55.7–68.4) | 87.8 (83.2–91.5) | 11.82 (8.08–17.29) |
| Moroni et al., (25) 2014 | 83.7 (75.1–90.2) | 69.3 (60.5–77.2) | 2.7 (2.1–3.6) | 0.24 (0.15–0.37) | 69.0 (60.2–77.0) | 83.8 (75.3–90.3) | 11.55 (6.74–19.79) |
| Feyi et al., (27) 2015 | 66.7 (50.5–80.4) | 77.9 (70–84.6) | 3.0 (2.1–4.4) | 0.43 (0.28–0.66) | 48.3 (35.0–61.8) | 88.3 (81.2–93.5) | 7.07 (3.74–13.36) |
| Vick et al., (28) 2015 | 57.9 (53.4–62.4) | 89.4 (88.5–90.3) | 5.5 (4.9–6.2) | 0.47 (0.42–0.52) | 38.0 (34.4–41.6) | 95.0 (94.3–95.7) | 11.66 (9.81–13.85) |
| Gerlach et al., (33) 2016 | 48.2 (39.7–56.8) | 88.6 (86.0–90.9) | 4.3 (3.2–5.6) | 0.58 (0.50,0.69) | 46.6 (38.3–55.0) | 89.3 (86.7–91.5) | 7.27 (5.17–10.22) |
| Amro et al., (31) 2016 | 56.4 (39.6–72.2) | 82.7 (76.0–88.2) | 3.3 (2.1–5.0) | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) | 44.0 (30.0–58.7) | 88.7 (82.6–93.3) | 6.19 (3.29–11.65) |
| Lefkowits et al., (35) 2016 | 64.8 (50.6–77.3) | 75.1 (68.7–80.8) | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | 0.47 (0.32–0.68) | 40.2 (29.9–51.3) | 89.2 (83.7–93.4) | 5.56 (3.25–9.52) |
| Carmen et al., (32) 2016 | 77.8 (40.0–97.2) | 67.5 (50.9–81.4) | 2.4 (1.4–4.2) | 0.33 (0.10–1.14) | 35.0 (15.4–59.2) | 93.1 (77.2–99.2) | 7.27 (1.74–30.40) |
| Lakin et al., (34) 2016 | 20.5 (13.5–29.2) | 94.4 (93.2–95.5) | 3.7 (2.4–5.6) | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) | 20.2 (13.2–28.7) | 94.5 (93.3–95.6) | 4.36 (2.85–6.65) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, DOR = diagnostic odds ratio, LR+ = positive likelihood ratio, LR− = negative likelihood ratio, NPV = negative predictive value, PPV = positive predictive value.