Modified Behavioural Pain Scale scores during 2-, 4-, 6- and 12-month vaccinations
| Vaccination | Score, mean ± SD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo control | Video | Video–sucrose | Video–sucrose–lidocaine | |
| Baseline*, mo | ||||
| 2 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.2 |
| 4 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.8 |
| 6 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.7 |
| 12 | 2.7 ± 1.3§ | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.3 |
| Needle†, mo | ||||
| 2 | 8.2 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 7.9 ± 1.1 |
| 4 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.4 |
| 6 | 5.1 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 5.1 ± 2.2 | 4.4 ± 2.0 |
| 12 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.9 |
| Recovery‡, mo | ||||
| 2 | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.8 |
| 4 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 1.8 |
| 6 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.9 |
| 12 | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.8 |
Note: Baseline = 15 seconds preceding vaccine injection, Needle = first 15 seconds after vaccine injection, Recovery = first 15 seconds starting 1 minute after vaccine injection, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Analysis of variance showed a time effect (p < 0.001), but no evidence of a difference among groups (p = 0.4) at baseline.
↵† Analysis of variance showed time (p < 0.001) and group effects (p = 0.003) during the needle; scores were lower for the video–sucrose–lidocaine group v. placebo (p < 0.001), video (p = 0.003), and video–sucrose (p = 0.005) groups, respectively. There were no other between-group differences.
↵‡ Analysis of variance showed a time effect (p < 0.001), but no evidence of a difference among groups (p = 0.98) at recovery.
↵§ n = 74.