Association between maternal morbidity and rural residence
| Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Severe maternal morbidity | |||
| Eclampsia | 2.70 (1.80–4.07) | 2.70 (1.79–4.08) | 2.45 (1.59–3.77) |
| Obstetric embolism | 2.10 (1.12–3.93) | 2.16 (1.14–4.07) | 2.23 (1.18–4.20) |
| Uterine scar dehiscence/rupture | 1.73 (1.26–2.37) | 1.96 (1.42–2.72) | 1.85 (1.34–2.54) |
| Placenta previa with hemorrhage | 0.77 (0.61–0.99) | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) |
| Blood transfusion | 1.19 (1.00–1.40) | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) |
| Other severe morbidity‡ | 2.66 (1.72–4.13) | 2.17 (1.35–3.50) | 2.09 (1.27–3.44) |
| Death or severe maternal morbidity | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) |
| Other maternal morbidity | |||
| Antepartum hemorrhage < 20 wk | 0.59 (0.52–0.67) | 0.61 (0.53–0.69) | – |
| Antepartum hemorrhage ≥ 20 wk | 0.64 (0.57–0.73) | 0.62 (0.54–0.71) | – |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
| Obstetric trauma | 0.77 (0.72–0.84) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odd ratio.
↵* Adjusted for pregnancy risk factors: maternal age, low socioeconomic status, drug use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, multifetal pregnancy, parity (nullipara, grand multipara), gestational diabetes, hypertension in pregnancy, previous cesarean delivery and male fetus.
↵† Adjusted for pregnancy risk factors above, as well as labour and delivery risk factors: vaginal birth after cesarean delivery, forceps delivery, vacuum delivery, emergency cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, labour induction, labour augmentation, epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia, general anesthesia and attendant at delivery.
↵‡ Includes placental abruption, acute abdomen, liver failure, antepartum hemorrhage with coagulation defects, adult respiratory distress syndrome and hypertensive heart disease during pregnancy.