Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis11–17
Study | Setting | Participants | Outcomes | Interventions | Notes |
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Randomized controlled trials | |||||
Loeb et al., 200911 | 8 hospitals in Ontario, Canada: emergency departments, acute medical units and pediatric units | 446 nurses; individual-level randomization |
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MacIntyre et al., 2011/201412,13 | 15 hospitals in Beijing: emergency departments and respiratory wards | 1441 nurses, doctors and ward clerks; cluster randomization by hospital |
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| Detection of influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus–enterovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B |
MacIntyre et al., 201314 | 19 hospitals in Beijing: emergency departments and respiratory wards | 1669 nurses, doctors and ward clerks; cluster randomization by ward |
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| Detection of influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus–enterovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, S. pneumoniae, B. pertussis, C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type B |
Cohort study | |||||
Loeb et al., 200415 | 2 hospitals in Ontario: coronary care units and ICUs with SARS patients | 43 nurses | Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection |
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Case–control studies | |||||
Seto et al., 200316 | 5 hospitals in Hong Kong: emergency departments and medicine units | 13 infected (cases) and 241 noninfected (controls) nurses, doctors, health care assistants and domestic staff | Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection |
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Zhang et al., 201317 | 25 hospitals in Beijing: emergency departments, respiratory wards, ICUs, outpatient departments, technical clinic departments and management | 51 infected (cases) and 204 noninfected (controls) doctors, nurses, technicians and other | Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection |
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Note: ICU = intensive care unit, SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome.