Characteristics and symptoms of 87 patients with enterovirus D68 and 87 matched controls with rhinovirus or other strains of enterovirus
| Characteristic | No. (%)* | OR (95% CI)*† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EV-D68 | Non–EV-D68 | ||
| Age, mean, mo ± SD | 57.9 ± 47.3 | 58.0 ± 48.8 | Matching variable |
| Sex, female | 28 (32.2) | 28 (32.2) | Matching variable |
| (History of) fever‡ | 51 (58.6) | 51 (58.6) | 1.00 (0.53–1.89) |
| Viral coinfections§ | 2 (2.3) | 2 (2.3) | 1.00 (0.14–7.10) |
| Invasive bacterial coinfection¶ | 4 (4.6) | 4 (4.6) | 1.00 (0.20–4.95) |
| Symptoms at presentation | |||
| Cough | 67 (77.0) | 69 (79.3) | 0.87 (0.41–1.82) |
| Shortness of breath/increased work of breathing/respiratory distress | 60 (69.0) | 40 (46.0) | 3.00 (1.47–6.14)** |
| Acute rhinitis | 23 (26.4) | 35 (40.2) | 0.54 (0.28–1.03)†† |
| Diarrhea | 2 (2.3) | 9 (10.3) | 0.22 (0.05–1.03)†† |
| Vomiting | 15 (17.2) | 14 (16.1) | 1.09 (0.48–2.47) |
| Not fully vaccinated according to provincial vaccination schedule | n = 81 4 (4.9) | n = 78 2 (2.6) | p = 0.2† |
| Allergy personal history | |||
| Asthma/repeated wheezing | 35 (40.2) | 25 (28.7) | 1.77 (0.90–3.49)†† |
| Eczema | 18 (20.7) | 11 (12.6) | 1.70 (0.78–3.71)†† |
| Hay fever | 12 (13.8) | 10 (11.5) | 1.22 (0.51–2.95) |
| Family history of allergy | 18 (20.7) | 8 (9.2) | 2.25 (0.98–5.17)** |
| Eosinophilia > 500/μL at presentation | n = 58 11 (19.0) | n = 60 4 (6.7) | 4.50 (0.97–20.8)** |
| Other comorbidities | 24 (27.6) | 35 (40.2) | 0.59 (0.32–1.10)†† |
| Neuromuscular disease | 6 (6.9) | 6 (6.9) | 1.00 (0.29–3.45) |
| Nonmalignant hematologic disorder | 3 (3.4) | 4 (4.6) | 0.75 (0.17–3.35) |
| Malignant disease | 4 (4.6) | 11 (12.6) | 0.30 (0.08–1.09)†† |
| Premature birth | 4 (4.6) | 8 (9.2) | 0.50 (0.15–1.66) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.4) | 0.67 (0.11–3.99) |
| Respiratory disease (other than asthma) | 0 (0) | 8 (9.2) | p = 0.005† |
Note: CI = confidence interval, EV-D68 = enterovirus D68, OR = odds ratio, PCR = polymerase chain reaction.
↵* Unless stated otherwise.
↵† Odds ratio not given and only p value reported when paired t test used, when McNemar test failed due to perfect concordance between cases and controls (e.g., for matching sex variable), or when calculation of OR was not feasible given too small a number of strata.
↵‡ History of fever or fever at presentation (≥ 38°C measured rectally/orally or ≥ 37.5°C measured via the axillary route).
↵§ Coinfection defined as PCR positive for a virus other than rhinovirus or enterovirus. Adenovirus was detected in 2 patients, respiratory syncytial virus in 1 patient and human parainfluenza type 3 in 1 patient.
↵¶ Defined as culture-confirmed invasive bacterial infection. This included 5 positive blood cultures (2 Escherichia coli, 1 Acinetobacter baumanii, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1 Enterobacter cloacae) and 4 positive urine cultures (3 E. coli and 1 Enterococcus species).
↵** Associated p value of < 0.05.
↵†† Associated p value of < 0.2.