Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after exclusion of participants taking β-blockers
| Variable | Tertiles of heart rate and SDNN; OR (95% CI) | p for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Middle | High | ||
| Heart rate | n = 863 | n = 1379 | n = 1480 | |
| ADL score | ||||
| Model 1* | 1 (ref) | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.95 (1.50–2.53) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2† | 1 (ref) | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) | 1.86 (1.43–2.42) | < 0.001 |
| IADL score | ||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.46 (1.17–1.81) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 1.39 (1.11–1.74) | 0.002 |
| SDNN | n = 1312 | n = 1192 | n = 1218 | |
| ADL score | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.31 (1.06–1.63) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 1 (ref) | 0.009 |
| Model 2 | 1.25 (1.00–1.55) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 1 (ref) | 0.03 |
| IADL score | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1 (ref) | 0.008 |
| Model 2 | 1.26 (1.03–1.53) | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 1 (ref) | 0.02 |
Note: ADL = basic activities of daily living, CI = confidence interval, IADL = instrumental activities of daily living, OR = odds ratio, SDNN = standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals.
↵* Adjusted for country, age, sex and education.
↵† Adjusted for country, age, sex, education, ADL and IADL score at baseline, smoking, body mass index, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, history of claudication, history of myocardial infarction, history of stroke/transient ischemic attack, statin treatment, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulants.