Table 1:

Study and patient characteristics

Study*CountryQuality improvement strategyPatients with mental illnessHomeless patientsAge, yr, mean ± SDDuration of follow up, mo
Botha et al., 201425 [61]South AfricaCM, TCYes‡Yes32.3 ± 9.936
Burns et al., 201426United StatesCM, SM, PENoNoNR1
Gellis et al., 201427 [62]United StatesFR, CM, SM, PE, CEYesNo79.2 ± 7.412
Ruchlewska et al., 201428EuropeSMYes‡Yes40.0 ± 11.618
Puschner et al., 201129EuropeTC, SMYes‡Yes41.3 ± 11.218
Courtney et al., 200930AustraliaCM, TC, SM, PEYesNo78.8 ± 6.96
Killaspy et al., 200931 [63]EuropeCM, TCYesNo39.0 ± 11.036
Koehler et al., 200932United StatesTC, CM, PE, SM, CISNoNo78.5 ± 5.52
Bellon et al., 200833EuropeSM, CQI, CEYes§No48.4 ± NR15
Lichtenberg et al., 200834IsraelCM, TC, SMYesNo28.1 ± 11.012
Shumway et al., 200835United StatesCMYes§No43.3 ± 9.524
Rivera et al., 200736United StatesCMYes‡Yes38.3 ± 12.812
Schreuders et al., 200737 [64,65]EuropeCM, SMYesNo52.9 ± 14.83
Sledge et al., 200638United StatesCM, TC, SMNoNo51.0 ± 52.812
Scott et al., 200439 [66]United StatesTC, PENoNo74.2 ± 7.524
Castro et al., 200340United StatesCM, PE, SMNoNo36.4 ± 11.512
Laramee et al., 200341United StatesCM, TC, PE, SMNoNo70.7 ± 11.82
Harrison-Read et al., 200242EuropeCM, TC, SMYes‡Yes39.2 ± 39.224
Kasper et al., 200243United StatesCM, TC, PE, SM, FINoNo61.9 ± 13.46
Katzelnick et al., 200044 [67]United StatesCM, PE, CEYesNo45.5 ± NR12
Burns 199945 [68–71]EuropeCM, TC, PEYes‡Yes38.3 ± 11.724
Coleman et al., 199946†United StatesCMNoNo77.3 ± NR24
Gagnon et al., 199947CanadaTC, SM, CENoNo81.6 ± 6.510
Salkever et al., 199948United StatesCMYes‡Yes35.7 ± NR18
Essock et al., 199849 [72]United StatesCM, TCYes‡Yes41.0 ± NR18
Stewart et al., 199850AustraliaTC, CM, PE, SMNoNo75.0 ± 10.56
Beck et al., 199751United StatesTC, PE, FRNoNA73.5 ± NR12
Spillane et al., 199752United StatesTCNoNo38.5 ± 48.212
Lafave et al., 199653CanadaCM, TC, SMYesNo35.8 ± 2.012
Quinlivan et al., 199554United StatesCMYes‡YesNR24
Rich et al., 199555 [73]United StatesCM, TC, PE, SMNoNo79.2 ± 6.03
Rosenheck et al., 199556 [74]United StatesCM, TCYes‡YesNR24
Muijen et al., 199457EuropeCMYes‡Yes37.0 ± 11.018
Rich et al., 199358United StatesTC, CM, PE, SMNoNo79.0 ± 6.23
Bond et al., 198859United StatesCMYesNo34.5 ± NR6
Franklin et al., 198760United StatesCMYes‡YesNR12

  • Note: CE = clinician education, CIS = clinical information system, CM = case management, CQI = continuous quality improvement, FI = financial incentives, FR = facilitated relay of clinical information, NR = not reported, PE = patient education, SD = standard deviation, SM = self-management, TC = team changes.

  • ↵* Reference numbers in square brackets indicate companion reports.

  • ↵† Cluster randomized clinical trial.

  • ↵‡ Included patients with severe mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders.

  • ↵§ Mental illness was primary diagnosis, but patients may have had other comorbidities.