Characteristics of studies included in a meta-analysis of the association between baseline cognitive impairment and risk of future stroke
| Study | Study population | No. of patients (%female) | Stroke at baseline, % | Age, yr, mean | Measures and definition of cognitive impairment | Duration of follow-up, yr | Outcomes | No. of stroke events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| de Moraes et al.,18 2003, United States | General | 11 958(53) | 0 | 57 | DWR; lowest quartile | 6.2 | Ischemic stroke | 188 |
| Chi et al.,19 2013, Taiwan | General; propensity score matching | 5 880 (59) | 0 | 75 | MMSE score 10–26 and receipt of ACHEI | 4 ischemic + TIA; 4.2 hemorrhagic | Ischemic stroke + TIA and hemorrhagic stroke recorded separately | 605 ischemic + TIA; 84 hemorrhagic |
| Clarke et al.,20 2011, Canada | ≥ 65 yr | 9 451 (58) | 0 | 73.6 | Dementia or CIND at clinical examination | 10 | Fatal and nonfatal stroke recorded separately | 172 fatal; 701 nonfatal |
| de Galan et al.,21 2009, multiple countries | Diabetes, ≥ 55 yr | 11 132(42) | 9.2 | 66 | MMSE score 24–27, < 24 | 5 | All stroke | 484 |
| Ferrucci et al.,22 1996, United States | ≥ 71 yr | 5 024 (66) | 0 | 78.5 | SPMSQ score 4–6, 0–3 | 4.3 | All stroke | 259 |
| Gale et al.,23 1996, United Kingdom | ≥ 65 yr | 921 (45) | NA* | 75 | HAMT score 8–9, ≤ 7 | 20 | Fatal ischemic stroke | 162 |
| Glymour et al.,24 2010, United States | ≥ 50 yr | 19 087(59) | 0 | 66 | Summing recall ≤ 6 (total score 20) | 8.1 | All stroke | 1 864 |
| Liebetrau et al.,25 2008, Sweden | 85 yr | 401 (70) | 0 | 85 | DSM III criteria | 3 | All stroke | 56 |
| O’Donnell et al.,26 2012, multiple countries | High cardiovascular risk | 30 959(30) | 21 | 66.5 | MMSE score 27–29, 24–26, < 24 | 4.7 | All stroke | 1 374 |
| Ostir et al.,27 2003, United States | Hispanic, ≥ 65 yr | 2 682(59) | 0 | 72 | MMSE score < 21 | 7 | All stroke | 238 |
| Pettigrew et al.,28 2000, United States | Asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis | 1 659(34) | 25 | 67 | MMSE score 25–27, < 25 | 5 | Ischemic stroke | 138 |
| Reitz et al.,29 2008, Netherlands | ≥ 55 yr | 6 724(60) | 0 | 69.2 | MMSE score < 26 | 7.3 | All stroke | 713 |
| Sabayan et al.,30 2013, Netherlands | 85 yr | 480 (66) | 0 | 85 | MMSE score 25–27, < 25 | 5 | All stroke | 56 |
| Shipley et al.,31 2008, United Kingdom | General | 6 424(55) | NA† | Range 18–97 | Slow CRT | 21 | Fatal stroke | 170 |
| Skoog et al.,32 2005, multiple countries | Hypertension, 70–89 yr | 4 937(64) | 4 | 76 | MMSE score 24–28 | 3.7 | All stroke and ischemic stroke | 204 |
| Weinstein et al.,33 2013, United States | General | 1 679(53) | 0 | 65.7 | TrB; cognitive Z scores < −1.5 | 7.4 | All stroke | 55 |
| Wiberg et al.,34 2010, Sweden | Men, 70 yr | 930 (0) | 0 | 70 | MMSE score 29, 28, ≤ 27 | 11.1 | All stroke + TIA | 166 |
| Zhu et al.,35 2000, Sweden | ≥ 75 yr | 1 551(76) | 0 | 82 | MMSE score < 24 without dementia; dementia based on DSM III criteria | 2.6 | All stroke | 110 |
Note: ACHEI = acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, CIND = cognitive impairment without dementia, CRT = Choice Reaction Time, DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DWR = Delayed Word Recall test, HAMT = Hodkinson Abbreviated Mental Test, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, NA = not available, SPMSQ = Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, TIA = transient ischemic attack, TrB = Trail Making Test, part B (executive function performance).
↵* Random sample from family practitioners’ list of all patients.
↵† Random sample of community-dwelling adults.