Baseline characteristics of participants, by albuminuria and First Nations status
| Characteristic | Albuminuria, %* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non–First Nations participants | First Nations participants | |||||||
| Normal (n = 997 803) | Mild (n = 77 054) | Heavy (n =13 295) | Not measured (n = 680 003) | Normal (n = 18 833) | Mild (n = 3 061) | Heavy (n = 607) | Not measured (n = 26 168) | |
| Age, yr, median (IQR) | 46.6 (22.7) | 48.2 (30.7) | 53.9 (32.6) | 48.2 (26.1) | 39.1 (20.4) | 38.1 (23.3) | 41.3 (27.4) | 39.6 (21.2) |
| Female sex | 55.6 | 49.7 | 43.6 | 56.4 | 63.2 | 59.1 | 52.1 | 57.3 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 5.6 | 12.4 | 27.1 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 17.5 | 33.3 | 13.8 |
| Hypertension | 20.5 | 30.8 | 47.1 | 26.4 | 14.3 | 19.0 | 35.3 | 16.9 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.6 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.0 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 1.1 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.4 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 2.6 |
| Cancer | 3.1 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 2.8 |
| COPD | 12.4 | 15.5 | 18.2 | 14.9 | 22.3 | 27.1 | 28.2 | 23.5 |
| Dementia | 0.6 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Metastatic solid tumour | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.4 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 5.9 | 2.2 |
| Mild liver disease | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 2.2 |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| Paralysis | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.4 |
| Rheumatic disease | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.7 |
| Visit to a specialist in previous year | 8.8 | 11.5 | 18.8 | 10.8 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 15.5 | 6.8 |
| Location of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 12.9 | 19.7 | 19.0 | 25.2 | 34.2 | 48.1 | 51.7 | 59.7 |
| Urban | 85.6 | 79.0 | 79.7 | 73.5 | 65.1 | 51.1 | 48.3 | 39.9 |
| Unknown | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
| Income quintile | ||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 17.5 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 16.2 | 39.5 | 41.0 | 43.7 | 45.7 |
| 2 | 18.2 | 19.0 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 15.7 | 12.9 | 12.2 |
| 3 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.21 | 18.4 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 12.2 | 9.0 |
| 4 | 20.9 | 19.7 | 18.0 | 19.9 | 10.5 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 7.9 |
| 5 (highest) | 20.8 | 17.8 | 16.1 | 20.4 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 10.4 |
| Unknown | 4.4 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 10.1 | 16.7 | 13.7 | 14.8 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||||||
| ≥ 90.0 | 56.0 | 49.4 | 36.6 | 52.5 | 77.1 | 74.6 | 56.7 | 77.7 |
| 60.0–89.9 | 38.5 | 37.3 | 33.7 | 38.6 | 21.0 | 21.1 | 25.7 | 19.2 |
| 45.0–59.9 | 4.1 | 7.9 | 12.8 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 2.0 |
| 30.0–44.9 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 10.1 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 0.7 |
| 15.0–29.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 0.3 |
Note: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GFR = glomerular filtration rate.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.