Nested case–control analysis of the risk of acute kidney injury with the use of fluoroquinolones
| Exposure; time frame* | No. (%) | Rate ratio (95% confidence interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases, n = 1292 | Controls, n = 12 651 | Crude | Adjusted† | Adjusted‡ | |
| No fluoroquinolone use | 1059 | 10896 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Fluoroquinolone use | |||||
| Current | 108 (8.4) | 489 (3.9) | 2.27 (1.83–2.82) | 2.18 (1.74–2.73) | 2.04 (1.55–2.69) |
| Recent | 57 (4.4) | 597 (4.7) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) | – |
| Past | 68 (5.3) | 669 (5.3) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | – |
| Amoxicillin use | |||||
| Current | 19 (1.5) | 235 (1.9) | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | 0.84 (0.52–1.35) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) |
| Recent | 54 (4.2) | 409 (3.2) | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | – |
| Past | 73 (5.7) | 664 (5.3) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | – |
| Azithromycin use | |||||
| Current | 22 (1.7) | 203 (1.6) | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) | 1.08 (0.69–1.71) | 1.14 (0.66–1.95) |
| Recent | 32 (2.5) | 420 (3.3) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) | – |
| Past | 100 (7.7) | 1077 (8.5) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | 0.82 (0.66–1.03) | – |
Note: ref = reference
↵* Current use = 0–7 days before hospital admission; recent use = 8–60 days before admission; past use = 61–180 days before admission.
↵† Adjusted for all study covariates listed in Table 1.
↵‡ Adjusted for all study covariates in addition to the interaction between fluoroquinolones and renin angiotensin system blockers.