Characteristics of decedent cohort related to comorbidities and chronic conditions, comparing those with a history of opioid use disorder (OUD) to those without OUD
| Characteristic | No. (%) of decedents* | Std Diff‡ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 679 840 | No OUD, total n = 668 640 | OUD, total n = 11 200 | OUD, hospital admissions or ED visits only n = 3227 | OUD, OAT only n = 5449 | OUD, hospital admissions or ED visits and OAT n = 2524 | No OUD, age- matched† n = 41 325 | OUD age- matched† n = 11 096 | ||
| No. of active comorbidities | |||||||||
| 0 | 53 388 (7.9) | 51 807 (7.7) | 1581 (14.1) | 121 (3.7) | 1178 (21.6) | 282 (11.2) | 7898 (19.1) | 1553 (14.0) | 0.14 |
| 1 | 114 010 (16.8) | 111 744 (16.7) | 2266 (20.2) | 356 (11.0) | 1383 (25.4) | 527 (20.9) | 10 298 (24.9) | 2233 (20.1) | 0.12 |
| 2 | 137 374 (20.2) | 134 883 (20.2) | 2491 (22.2) | 583 (18.1) | 1219 (22.4) | 689 (27.3) | 9417 (22.8) | 2457 (22.1) | 0.02 |
| 3 | 125 009 (18.4) | 123 347 (18.4) | 1662 (14.8) | 520 (16.1) | 704 (12.9) | 438 (17.4) | 5815 (14.1) | 1656 (14.9) | 0.02 |
| 4 | 97 588 (14.4) | 96 420 (14.4) | 1168 (10.4) | 481 (14.9) | 434 (8.0) | 253 (10.0) | 3579 (8.7) | 1165 (10.5) | 0.06 |
| 5 | 67 604 (9.9) | 66 782 (10.0) | 822 (7.3) | 419 (13.0) | 258 (4.7) | 145 (5.7) | 2062 (5.0) | 822 (7.4) | 0.1 |
| 6 | 42 681 (6.3) | 42 150 (6.3) | 531 (4.7) | 294 (9.1) | 146 (2.7) | 91 (3.6) | 1155 (2.8) | 531 (4.8) | 0.1 |
| ≥ 7 | 42 186 (6.2) | 41 507 (6.2) | 679 (6.1) | 453 (14.0) | 127 (2.3) | 99 (3.9) | 1101 (2.7) | 679 (6.1) | 0.17 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||||
| 0 | 68 277 (10.0) | 65 974 (9.9) | 2303 (20.6) | 655 (20.3) | 891 (16.4) | 757 (30.0) | 4485 (10.9) | 2271 (20.5) | 0.27 |
| 1 | 76 864 (11.3) | 75 580 (11.3) | 1284 (11.5) | 419 (13.0) | 449 (8.2) | 416 (16.5) | 2629 (6.4) | 1278 (11.5) | 0.18 |
| ≥ 2 | 252 507 (37.1) | 249 095 (37.3) | 3412 (30.5) | 1713 (53.1) | 993 (18.2) | 706 (28.0) | 13 103 (31.7) | 3405 (30.7) | 0.02 |
| Mean ± SD | 2.75 ± 2.34 | 2.76 ± 2.34 | 2.21 ± 2.45 | 2.76 ± 2.55 | 1.91 ± 2.32 | 1.76 ± 2.31 | 3.01 ± 2.58 | 2.22 ± 2.45 | 0.31 |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–6) | 1 (0–3) | 0.34 |
| Chronic conditions | |||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 108 272 (15.9) | 107 434 (16.1) | 838 (7.5) | 455 (14.1) | 265 (4.9) | 118 (4.7) | 2991 (7.2) | 837 (7.5) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 272 410 (40.1) | 270 244 (40.4) | 2166 (19.3) | 984 (30.5) | 883 (16.2) | 299 (11.8) | 14 127 (34.2) | 2161 (19.5) | 0.34 |
| Chronic heart failure | 144 859 (21.3) | 143 613 (21.5) | 1246 (11.1) | 718 (22.2) | 324 (5.9) | 204 (8.1) | 3460 (8.4) | 1246 (11.2) | 0.1 |
| COPD | 104 362 (15.4) | 102 433 (15.3) | 1929 (17.2) | 867 (26.9) | 694 (12.7) | 368 (14.6) | 3373 (8.2) | 1929 (17.4) | 0.28 |
| Dementia | 89 297 (13.1) | 89 155 (13.3) | 142 (1.3) | 121–125** | 16 (0.3) | 1–5** | 987 (2.4) | 142 (1.3) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes | 212 955 (31.3) | 210 788 (31.5) | 2167 (19.3) | 1016 (31.5) | 772 (14.2) | 379 (15.0) | 8768 (21.2) | 2165 (19.5) | 0.04 |
| Hepatitis C§ | 5561 (0.8) | 3891 (0.6) | 1670 (14.9) | 336 (10.4) | 631 (11.6) | 703 (27.9) | 550 (1.3) | 1658 (14.9) | 0.51 |
| HIV† | 1653 (0.2) | 1416 (0.2) | 237 (2.1) | 54 (1.7) | 88 (1.6) | 95 (3.8) | 282 (0.7) | 236 (2.1) | 0.12 |
| Infective endocarditis | 1784 (0.3) | 1430 (0.2) | 354 (3.2) | 77 (2.4) | 66 (1.2) | 211 (1.2) | 125 (0.3) | 354 (3.1) | 0.22 |
| Mental health disorder | 96 529 (14.2) | 92 124 (13.8) | 4405 (39.3) | 1535 (47.6) | 1565 (28.7) | 1305 (51.7) | 7752 (18.8) | 4363 (39.3) | 0.47 |
| Mood disorder | 162 726 (23.9) | 156 599 (23.4) | 6127 (54.7) | 1836 (56.9) | 2695 (49.5) | 1596 (63.2) | 13 671 (33.1) | 6068 (54.7) | 0.45 |
| Renal disease | 127 363 (18.7) | 125 533 (18.8) | 1830 (16.3) | 949 (29.4) | 444 (8.1) | 437 (17.3) | 4698 (11.4) | 1824 (16.4) | 0.15 |
| Stroke | 41 541 (6.1) | 41 279 (6.2) | 262 (2.3) | 137 (4.2) | 80 (1.5) | 45 (1.8) | 1204 (2.9) | 261 (2.4) | 0.04 |
| Other harmful substance use | |||||||||
| Benzodiazepine | 732 (0.1) | 516 (0.1) | 216 (1.9) | 54 (1.7) | 64 (1.2) | 98 (3.9) | 148 (0.4) | 215 (1.9) | 0.15 |
| Stimulant | 2115 (0.3) | 1030 (0.2) | 1085 (9.7) | 312 (9.7) | 273 (5.0) | 500 (19.8) | 548 (1.3) | 1069 (9.6) | 0.37 |
| Alcohol | 27 036 (4.0) | 25 048 (3.7) | 1988 (17.8) | 724 (22.4) | 613 (11.2) | 651 (25.8) | 3161 (7.6) | 1970 (17.8) | 0.31 |
Note: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ED = emergency department, IQR = interquartile range, OAT = opioid agonist treatment, SD = standard deviation, Std Diff = standardized difference.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Decedents with OUD were matched to decedents without OUD group on age (± 2 yr).
↵‡ Compares age-matched decedents with and without OUD.
↵§ Lookback period of 5 years before index (90 d before death).
¶ Lookback for any HIV diagnosis from birth to index (90 d before death).
↵** Ranges presented to prevent back-calculation of small cell counts (≤ 5).