Contraindications to systemic menopausal hormone therapy14
| Hormone therapy | Contraindication |
|---|---|
| Estrogen | Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding |
| Known, suspected or history of breast cancer | |
| Known, suspected or history of estrogen-dependent cancers (i.e., endometrial, ovarian) | |
| Active or history of coronary artery disease | |
| Active or history of venous thromboembolism | |
| Active or history of stroke | |
| Known thrombophilia | |
| Active liver disease (e.g., with abnormal liver function tests, cirrhosis) | |
| Progestin | Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding |
| Current or history of breast cancer |
Reproduced with permission (Yuksel et al., 2021).14