Characteristics of people with and without COPD who underwent inpatient elective surgery in Ontario, Canada, from 2005 to 2019
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients* | Absolute standardized difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 932 616 | With COPD n = 170 482 | No COPD n = 762 134 | ||
| Age, yr, median IQR | 65 (55–75) | 71 (62–78) | 64 (53–74) | 0.51 |
| Sex, female | 558 918 (59.9) | 90 453 (53.1) | 468 465 (61.5) | 0.17 |
| Income quintile | 0.19 | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 170 841 (18.4) | 39 749 (23.4) | 131 092 (17.3) | |
| 2 | 187 056 (20.1) | 37 246 (21.9) | 149 810 (19.7) | |
| 3 | 187 150 (20.1) | 33 188 (19.5) | 153 962 (20.3) | |
| 4 | 189 986 (20.4) | 31 034 (18.3) | 158 952 (20.9) | |
| 5 (highest) | 194 779 (20.9) | 28 704 (16.9) | 166 075 (21.9) | |
| Rural status | 142 015 (15.2) | 29 194 (17.1) | 112 821 (14.8) | 0.06 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 37 700 (4.0) | 13 795 (8.1) | 23 905 (3.1) | 0.22 |
| Congestive heart failure | 61 932 (6.6) | 25 934 (15.2) | 35 998 (4.7) | 0.36 |
| Myocardial infarction | 35 805 (3.8) | 11 823 (6.9) | 23 982 (3.1) | 0.17 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 23 572 (2.5) | 8910 (5.2) | 14 662 (1.9) | 0.18 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 11 730 (1.3) | 5086 (3.0) | 6644 (0.9) | 0.15 |
| Hypertension | 546 824 (58.6) | 120 562 (70.7) | 426 262 (55.9) | 0.31 |
| Diabetes | 202 848 (21.8) | 47 889 (28.1) | 154 959 (20.3) | 0.18 |
| Stroke or TIA | 14 464 (1.6) | 4704 (2.8) | 9760 (1.3) | 0.11 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 024 (1.2) | 4257 (2.5) | 6767 (0.9) | 0.13 |
| Cancer, any non-lung | 112 571 (12.1) | 23 575 (13.8) | 88 996 (11.7) | 0.07 |
| Lung cancer | 2860 (0.3) | 1769 (1.0) | 1091 (0.1) | 0.12 |
| Liver disease | 3453 (0.4) | 1112 (0.7) | 2341 (0.3) | 0.05 |
| Frailty† | 66 869 (7.2) | 28 104 (16.5) | 38 765 (5.1) | 0.37 |
| ACG category | 0.41 | |||
| Low | 195 264 (20.9) | 21 320 (12.5) | 173 944 (22.8) | |
| Medium | 400 106 (42.9) | 61 703 (36.2) | 338 403 (44.4) | |
| High | 337 246 (36.2) | 87 459 (51.3) | 249 787 (32.8) | |
| Long-term care resident | 14 469 (1.6) | 4851 (2.8) | 9618 (1.3) | 0.11 |
| Hospital admission in year before index surgery | 141 350 (15.2) | 40 035 (23.5) | 101 315 (13.3) | 0.27 |
| Surgical procedure | 0.41 | |||
| Orthopedic | 433 665 (46.5) | 84 938 (49.8) | 348 727 (45.8) | |
| Upper abdominal MIS | 49 883 (5.3) | 8980 (5.3) | 40 903 (5.4) | |
| Upper abdominal open | 125 249 (13.4) | 25 998 (15.2) | 99 251 (13.0) | |
| Lower abdominal MIS | 129 974 (13.9) | 16 943 (9.9) | 113 031 (14.8) | |
| Lower abdominal open | 134 205 (14.4) | 11 956 (7.0) | 122 249 (16.0) | |
| Aortic open | 15 270 (1.6) | 5808 (3.4) | 9462 (1.2) | |
| Other vascular | 44 370 (4.8) | 15 859 (9.3) | 28 511 (3.7) | |
Note: ACG = adjusted clinical group, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, IQR = interquartile range, MIS = minimally invasive surgery, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
↵† We determined frailty using the preoperative frailty index. Values > 0.21 were indicative of frailty.29