Characteristic | No. (%)* of people in entire cohort n = 151 105 | No. (%)* of people admitted to hospital n = 8630 | No. (%)* of people admitted to ICU n = 1912 | No. (%)* of people who died n = 2137 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Male | 74 043 (49.0) | 4827 (55.9) | 1258 (65.8) | 1268 (59.3) |
Age, yr, median (IQR) | 44 (31–57) | 69 (56–81) | 65 (56–74) | 80 (71–88) |
Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection | ||||
Outbreak-related† | 26 382 (17.5) | 2032 (23.5) | 249 (13.0) | 851 (39.8) |
Essential worker‡ | 22 441 (14.9) | 492 (5.7) | 115 (6.0) | 31 (1.50%) |
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Neighbourhood income in 2016 | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 36 695 (24.3) | 2611 (30.3) | 559 (29.2) | 628 (29.4) |
2nd quintile | 33 363 (22.1) | 1978 (22.9) | 459 (24.0) | 503 (23.5) |
3rd quintile | 33 002 (21.8) | 1664 (19.3) | 369 (19.3) | 432 (20.2) |
4th quintile | 26 555 (17.6) | 1300 (15.1) | 291 (15.2) | 307 (14.4) |
5th quintile (highest) | 21 490 (14.2) | 1077 (12.5) | 234 (12.2) | 267 (12.5) |
Health care access | ||||
No. of outpatient visits in 2019, median (IQR) | 2 (1–5) | 6 (2–11) | 5 (2–10) | 7 (3–12) |
Influenza vaccination | 27 876 (18.4) | 2928 (33.9) | 661 (34.6) | 887 (41.5) |
Normalized distance to nearest health services, mean ± SD§ | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.04 |
Neighbourhood-level (dissemination area) socioeconomic status | ||||
Average household size, median (IQR) | 3 (3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) |
Ontario Marginalization Index: ethnic concentration | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 8904 (5.9) | 623 (7.2) | 114 (6.0) | 176 (8.2) |
2nd quintile | 13 289 (8.8) | 866 (10.0) | 191 (10.0) | 285 (13.3) |
3rd quintile | 19 572 (12.9) | 1219 (14.1) | 273 (14.3) | 360 (16.8) |
4th quintile | 31 936 (21.1) | 1936 (22.4) | 422 (22.1) | 478 (22.4) |
5th quintile (highest) | 77 404 (51.2) | 3986 (46.2) | 912 (47.7) | 838 (39.2) |
Ontario Marginalization Index: residential instability | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 42 724 (28.2) | 1720 (19.9) | 410 (21.4) | 315 (14.7) |
2nd quintile | 25 362 (16.8) | 1267 (14.7) | 311 (16.3) | 312 (14.6) |
3rd quintile | 23 172 (15.3) | 1281 (14.8) | 317 (16.6) | 347 (16.2) |
4th quintile | 24 028 (15.9) | 1583 (18.3) | 347 (18.1) | 381 (17.8) |
5th quintile (highest) | 35 819 (23.7) | 2779 (32.2) | 527 (27.6) | 782 (36.6) |
Ontario Marginalization Index: material deprivation | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 25 642 (17.0) | 1313 (15.2) | 263 (13.8) | 335 (15.7) |
2nd quintile | 26 421 (17.5) | 1368 (15.9) | 267 (14.0) | 365 (17.1) |
3rd quintile | 29 948 (19.8) | 1599 (18.5) | 381 (19.9) | 403 (18.9) |
4th quintile | 31 872 (21.1) | 1844 (21.4) | 426 (22.3) | 453 (21.2) |
5th quintile (highest) | 37 222 (24.6) | 2506 (29.0) | 575 (30.1) | 581 (27.2) |
Ontario Marginalization Index: dependency | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 52 603 (34.8) | 2214 (25.7) | 509 (26.6) | 384 (18.0) |
2nd quintile | 34 309 (22.7) | 1812 (21.0) | 426 (22.3) | 376 (17.6) |
3rd quintile | 25 055 (16.6) | 1477 (17.1) | 348 (18.2) | 364 (17.0) |
4th quintile | 20 955 (13.9) | 1411 (16.3) | 333 (17.4) | 430 (20.1) |
5th quintile (highest) | 18 183 (12.0) | 1716 (19.9) | 296 (15.5) | 583 (27.3) |
Other contextual factors for spatial heterogeneity in quality of care | ||||
Rural area¶ | 2887 (1.9) | 175 (2.0) | 44 (2.3) | 36 (1.7) |
Neighbourhood-level population density per km2, median (IQR) | 3886 (1904–7002) | 4075 (2050–7793) | 3986 (2000–7407) | 3744 (1957–7601) |
Health region unique** ID | ||||
2253 | 35 587 (23.6) | 1244 (14.4) | 232 (12.1) | 238 (11.1) |
2270 | 16 347 (10.8) | 842 (9.8) | 173 (9.0) | 232 (10.9) |
3501 | 8593 (5.7) | 397 (4.6) | 66 (3.5) | 123 (5.8) |
3502 | 5056 (3.3) | 382 (4.4) | 92 (4.8) | 128 (6.0) |
3503 | 6632 (4.4) | 414 (4.8) | 112 (5.9) | 90 (4.2) |
3504 | 11 211 (7.4) | 750 (8.7) | 170 (8.9) | 205 (9.6) |
3505 | 938 (0.6) | 44 (0.5) | 7 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) |
3509 | 6912 (4.6) | 386 (4.5) | 101 (5.3) | 81 (3.8) |
3510 | 939 (0.6) | 67 (0.8) | 14 (0.7) | 15 (0.7) |
3511 | 8327 (5.5) | 527 (6.1) | 116 (6.1) | 118 (5.5) |
3512 | 1966 (1.3) | 141 (1.6) | 30 (1.6) | 32 (1.5) |
3513 | 552 (0.4) | 49 (0.6) | 18 (0.9) | 13 (0.6) |
3514 | 526 (0.3) | 31 (0.4) | 9 (0.5) | ≤ 5 (0.1) |
3895 | 47 519 (31.4) | 3356 (38.9) | 772 (40.4) | 849 (39.7) |
Note: ICU = intensive care unit, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless otherwise specified.
↵† We define an infection as outbreak-related if it is linked to a declared outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This field represents all outbreaks, as determined by the local public health unit, and is not limited to outbreaks in any particular setting.
↵‡ We define individuals as essential workers if they satisfy any of the following criteria: work in an adult or youth addiction setting, work in an adult developmental services residential setting, work as animal or animal product handlers, work in violence against women or anti–human trafficking residential site, work in children’s residential setting, work in another type of congregate care setting not specifically listed, work in correctional facility, provide custodial services, work as dental hygienists, work as doctors, work as educational staff, work as farm workers, work as first responders, work as grocery workers, work as health care workers, work as shelter staff or homeless workers, work in a hospital, work in long-term care home, work as laboratory workers with infectious agents and materials, work as medical technicians in a clinic or hospital setting, work as midwife, work in a mine, work on a mink farm, work as municipal workers, work as nurses, work as personal support workers, work as respiratory therapists, work in a retirement home, work as rotational worker, work as veterinarians, work in a child-care centre or in a type of supportive housing.
↵§ We define distance to nearest health services as the distances of a dissemination block to any dissemination block with a health care facility. The original distance was normalized.
↵¶ We define rural as communities with a rurality index of Ontario (2008 version) > 40, which considers population and travel time to referral centres.
↵** We define health region as a combination of Ontario Local Health Integration Networks and public health unit. The following general regions correspond to each health region unique ID: 2253-York region, 2279-Peel region, 3501-Erie St. Clair region, 3502-South West region, 3503-Waterloo Wellington region, 3504-Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant region, 3505-Central West region, 3509-Central East region, 3510-South East region, 3511-Champlain region, 3512-North Simcoe Muskoka region, 3513-North East region, 3514-North West region, 3895-Toronto region.