Pathogen | Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis and subspecies holarctica |
Relevant exposures | Tick or deerfly bite, contact with an infected animal, ingestion of contaminated food or water, occupational exposure (e.g., farmers, hunters, veterinarians, landscapers, meat handlers and laboratory workers), travel or area of residence (typically occurs as a rural disease) |
Incubation period | Average of 3–5 d, range of 1–21 d |
Seasonality | Most commonly acquired during the summer months |
Classic clinical syndromes | Ulceroglandular (most common), glandular, oculoglandular, pharyngeal, typhoidal, pneumonic |
Diagnostic criteria | Confirmed case
Probable case
Compatible clinical presentation and one of the following: detection of F. tularensis in a clinical specimen by a fluorescent assay, a single serum sample (serology) with a microagglutination titre of ≥ 1:128 or a tube agglutination titre of ≥ 1:160, or detection of F. tularensis nucleic acid with a molecular assay
|
Treatment | Severe disease
Mild-to-moderate disease
|