RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Determinants of overdose incidents among illicit opioid users in 5 Canadian cities JF Canadian Medical Association Journal JO CMAJ FD Canadian Medical Association SP 235 OP 239 DO 10.1503/cmaj.1031416 VO 171 IS 3 A1 Benedikt Fischer A1 Suzanne Brissette A1 Serge Brochu A1 Julie Bruneau A1 Nady el-Guebaly A1 Lina Noël A1 Jürgen Rehm A1 Mark Tyndall A1 Cameron Wild A1 Phil Mun A1 Emma Haydon A1 Dolly Baliunas YR 2004 UL http://www.cmaj.ca/content/171/3/235.abstract AB Background: Drug overdose is a major cause of death and illness among illicit drug users. Previous research has indicated that most illicit drug users experience nonfatal overdoses and has suggested a variety of factors that are associated with risk of overdose. In this study, we examined the occurrence of and the factors associated with nonfatal overdoses within a Canadian sample of illicit opioid users not enrolled in treatment at the time of study recruitment. Methods: Interviewers used a standard questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, health and health care, experience in the criminal justice system and treatment for drug problems; they also performed standard assessments for mental health and infectious disease. The association between overdose and sociodemographic and drug-use factors was examined with χ2 and t test analyses; marginally significant variables were examined with logistic regression to determine independent effects. Results: A total of 679 subjects were interviewed; 651 provided answers sufficient for this analysis. One hundred and twelve (17.2%) of the 651 respondents reported an overdose episode in the previous 6 months. In the logistic regression analysis (after adjustment for sociodemographic factors), homelessness, noninjection use of hydromorphone in the past 30 days and involvement in drug treatment in the past 12 months were predictors of overdose (p < 0.05). Interpretation: Overdose poses a considerable health risk for illicit opioid users. We found that a diverse set of factors was associated with overdose episodes. Prevention efforts will likely be more effective if they can be directed to specific causal factors.