PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Daniel Costa
AU  - Robert Kroll
TI  - Stuttering: an update for physicians
DP  - 2000 Jun 27
TA  - Canadian Medical Association Journal
PG  - 1849--1855
VI  - 162
IP  - 13
4099  - http://www.cmaj.ca/content/162/13/1849.short
4100  - http://www.cmaj.ca/content/162/13/1849.full
SO  - CMAJ2000 Jun 27; 162
AB  - Stuttering is a disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech. Developmental stuttering (DS), with or without associated psychiatric illness, is the most common form and includes all cases with gradual onset in childhood that are not the result of acquired brain damage. Persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) is DS that has not undergone spontaneous or speech-therapy-induced remission. Organic models of DS focus on incomplete lateralization or abnormal cerebral dominance. There is also evidence that DS has a significant genetic component to its cause. Neuroimaging research data and the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in DS seem to support the theory of a hyperdopaminergic origin. Speech therapy remains the main treatment for DS; however, antidepressants can be useful in selected cases. Risperidone, a serotonin-dopamine antagonist, has been shown to be more effective than placebo in decreasing the severity of stuttering. The long-term efficacy and safety of serotonin-dopamine antagonists in DS deserve further study.