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Original Articles

Resting heart rate, heart rate variability and functional decline in old age

Giulia Ogliari, Simin Mahinrad, David J. Stott, J. Wouter Jukema, Simon P. Mooijaart, Peter W. Macfarlane, Elaine N. Clark, Patricia M. Kearney, Rudi G.J. Westendorp, Anton J. M. de Craen and Behnam Sabayan
CMAJ August 31, 2015 cmaj.150462; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150462
Giulia Ogliari
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Simin Mahinrad
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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David J. Stott
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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J. Wouter Jukema
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Simon P. Mooijaart
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Peter W. Macfarlane
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Elaine N. Clark
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Patricia M. Kearney
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Rudi G.J. Westendorp
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Anton J. M. de Craen
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Behnam Sabayan
Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Ogliari, Mahinrad, Mooijaart, Westendorp, de Craen, Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Ogliari), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine (Stott), Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology (Jukema), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (Mooijaart), Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (Macfarlane, Clark), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Kearney), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Public Health (Westendorp), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiology (Sabayan), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Online Appendices

Files in this Data Supplement:

  • Appendix 1: Characteristics of study population in tertiles of resting heart rate
  • Appendix 10: Baseline functional status in tertiles of standardized SDNN
  • Appendix 11: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of standardized SDNN
  • Appendix 12: Risk of decline in functional status in groups of resting heart rate
  • Appendix 2: Characteristics of study population in tertiles of SDNN
  • Appendix 3: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN in the minimally adjusted models
  • Appendix 4: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after exclusion of participants with incident non-fatal stroke during follow-up
  • Appendix 5: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after exclusion of participants with incident coronary events during follow-up
  • Appendix 6: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after exclusion of participants with incident heart failure hospitalization during follow-up
  • Appendix 7: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after inclusion of participants with maximum functional status at baseline
  • Appendix 8: Risk of decline in functional status in tertiles of resting heart rate and SDNN after inclusion of participants who completed 36 months of follow-up
  • Appendix 9: Risk of functional decline in relation to heart rate in stratified analyses

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