Policy changes and physicians opting out from Medicare in Quebec: an interrupted time-series analysis

Number of specialist physicians who opted out of the public medical coverage program in Quebec between 1995 and 2019. Broken vertical lines show dates when the Chaoulli v. Quebec decision was made by the Supreme Court of Canada and when the clampdown on double billing began in Quebec. Fitted lines show the results from our interrupted time-series analysis, and broken red lines show the counterfactual projections absent any changes.