Age, yr, mean ± SD | 39.2 ± 12.7 | 41.6 ± 12.5 | – |
Sex, male | 186 985 (48.7) | 424 495 (50.4) | 7206 (3.1) |
Education |
Lower than high school | 56 862 (14.8) | 110 341 (13.1) | 7014 (9.4) |
High school | 75 248 (19.6) | 159 295 (18.9) | 2268 (2.3) |
College or university | 204 730 (53.3) | 459 089 (54.5) | 2753 (1.1) |
Postgraduate | 47 290 (12.3) | 113 669 (13.5) | 340 (0.6) |
Cigarette smoking |
Never | 284 311 (74.0) | 635 672 (75.5) | 7671 (2.1) |
Former | 21 944 (5.7) | 50 776 (6.0) | 1361 (5.1) |
Current | 77 875 (20.3) | 155 946 (18.5) | 3343 (3.4) |
Alcohol consumption |
Never or seldom | 330 179 (86.0) | 720 674 (85.6) | 10 002 (2.4) |
Former | 36 063 (9.4) | 82 329 (9.8) | 1048 (2.3) |
Current | 17 888 (4.7) | 39 391 (4.7) | 1325 (5.9) |
Physical labour at work |
Mostly sedentary | 242 748 (63.2) | 556 806 (66.1) | 7559 (2.5) |
Sedentary with occasional walking | 100 314 (26.1) | 208 090 (24.7) | 3095 (2.4) |
Mostly standing or walking | 33 123 (8.6) | 63 685 (7.6) | 1372 (3.3) |
Hard labour | 7945 (2.1) | 13 813 (1.6) | 349 (3.5) |
Habitual exercise group† |
Inactive | 173 948 (45.3) | 323 617 (38.4) | 5290 (2.3) |
Moderate | 113 669 (29.6) | 266 415 (31.6) | 1904 (2.3) |
High | 96 513 (25.1) | 252 362 (30.0) | 5181 (3.0) |
Exercise, MET-h, mean ± SD | 7.2 ± 13.0 | 8.5 ± 14.2 | – |
Vegetable intake |
Seldom | 54 200 (14.1) | 99 349 (11.8) | 2005 (2.9) |
Moderate | 226 735 (59.0) | 493 825 (58.6) | 7083 (2.5) |
Frequent | 103 195 (26.9) | 249 220 (29.6) | 3287 (2.6) |
Fruit intake |
Seldom | 132 705 (34.5) | 249 169 (29.6) | 4164 (2.6) |
Moderate | 206 117 (53.7) | 477 307 (56.7) | 6747 (2.6) |
Frequent | 45 308 (11.8) | 115 918 (13.8) | 1464 (2.5) |
Occupational exposure | 31 146 (8.1) | 66 118 (7.8) | 745 (1.9) |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.0 ± 3.7 | 23.2 ± 3.6 | – |
PM2.5 (μg/m3)‡, mean ± SD | 26.4 ± 7.6 | 26.3 ± 7.4 | – |
PM2.5 by exercise group†, mean ± SD |
Inactive | 26.6 ± 7.6 | 26.6 ± 7.5 | – |
Moderate | 26.3 ± 7.5 | 26.2 ± 7.4 | – |
High | 26.2 ± 7.6 | 26.0 ± 7.4 | – |