Sample size | 14 695 579 | 758 691 | 14 695 579 |
|
Individual determinant |
|
Age group, yr (Ref. 0–4) |
|
5–19 | 1.15 (1.13–1.18) | 1.93 (1.66–2.24) | 1.72 (1.49–1.99) |
|
20–34 | 4.13 (4.05–4.22) | 2.00 (1.75–2.30) | 7.03 (6.13–8.05) |
|
35–49 | 4.13 (4.05–4.21) | 1.98 (1.73–2.27) | 6.74 (5.88–7.73) |
|
50–64 | 4.21 (4.12–4.29) | 2.02 (1.76–2.32) | 7.01 (6.11–8.03) |
|
65–74 | 3.04 (2.98–3.11) | 1.62 (1.40–1.87) | 3.99 (3.46–4.60) |
|
75–84 | 3.01 (2.95–3.08) | 1.64 (1.41–1.90) | 3.94 (3.39–4.57) |
|
≥ 85 | 5.60 (5.47–5.73) | 1.76 (1.51–2.06) | 7.26 (6.23–8.46) |
|
Male sex | 0.76 (0.76–0.76) | 1.26 (1.23–1.30) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
|
Living in rural area or small town¶ | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) |
|
Underlying chronic health condition |
|
Asthma | 1.09 (1.09–1.10) | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) |
|
COPD | 1.23 (1.21–1.24) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) |
|
Hypertension | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) |
|
Diabetes | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.26 (1.21–1.31) | 1.19 (1.14–1.23) |
|
Congestive heart failure | 1.26 (1.24–1.28) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.25 (1.16–1.35) |
|
Dementia or frailty score > 15 | 2.12 (2.09–2.15) | 1.39 (1.29–1.49) | 2.60 (2.42–2.80) |
|
Cancer‡ | 1.13 (1.12–1.15) | 0.72 (0.66–0.80) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) |
|
Chronic kidney disease** | 1.31 (1.29–1.32) | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) |
|
Immunocompromised†† | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
|
Advanced liver disease | 1.14 (1.11–1.16) | 0.79 (0.68–0.90) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) |
|
Ischemic heart disease | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) |
|
Ischemic stroke or TIA‡‡ | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) |
|
Schizophrenia§§ | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) |
|
Substance abuse§§ | 1.17 (1.16–1.19) | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) |
|
Health care use |
|
Aggregated Diagnostic Group (ADG) quintile (Ref. = 0 ADGs) |
|
2 (1–2 ADGs) | 1.64 (1.62–1.66) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 1.24 (1.17–1.32) |
|
3 (3–4 ADGs) | 2.07 (2.04–2.10) | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) |
|
4 (5–6 ADGs) | 2.44 (2.41–2.48) | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) | 1.69 (1.57–1.81) |
|
5 (7–27 ADGs) | 3.11 (3.06–3.15) | 0.75 (0.69–0.80) | 2.12 (1.97–2.28) |
|
Hospital admissions in the past 3 yr (Ref. = 0 admissions) |
|
1 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) |
|
2 | 1.16 (1.14–1.17) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
|
≥ 3 | 1.75 (1.73–1.78) | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 1.38 (1.27–1.50) |
|
Outpatient physician visits in the past yr (Ref. = 0–1 visits) |
|
2–4 | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.12 (1.08–1.18) |
|
5–8 | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) |
|
9–14 | 1.17 (1.16–1.18) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.17 (1.10–1.24) |
|
≥ 15 | 1.36 (1.34–1.37) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) |
|
Influenza vaccination (2019–2020 season) | 1.08 (1.08–1.09) | 0.81 (0.78–0.83) | 0.87 (0.85–0.90) |
|
Environmental determinants¶¶ |
|
PM2.5 category (μg/m3) (Ref. = 2–6) |
|
6–7 | 0.97 (0.97–0.98) | 0.91 (0.85–0.99) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) |
|
7–8 | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) |
|
8–9 | 0.91 (0.90–0.93) | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) |
|
≥ 10 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 1.45 (1.29–1.63) | 1.31 (1.16–1.47) |
|
NO2 category (ppb) (Ref. = 0–6) |
|
6–8 | 0.95 (0.95–0.96) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.00 (0.96–1.06) |
|
≥ 8 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) |
|
Social determinant of health*** (area level) |
|
Household density quintile††† (Ref. = first quintile) |
|
2 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.21 (1.14–1.27) | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) |
|
3 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.39 (1.31–1.48) | 1.42 (1.34–1.50) |
|
4 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.70 (1.61–1.79) | 1.70 (1.61–1.80) |
|
5 | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 1.94 (1.82–2.07) | 1.86 (1.75–1.98) |
|
Apartment building density category‡‡‡ (Ref. = first category) |
|
2 | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
|
3 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) |
|
Uncoupled quintile§§§ (Ref. = first quintile) |
|
2 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
|
3 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
|
4 | 1.19 (1.18–1.21) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) |
|
5 | 1.39 (1.38–1.41) | 1.07 (1.01–1.15) | 1.41 (1.32–1.51) |
|
Essential work quintile¶¶¶ (Ref. = first category) |
|
2 | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.25 (1.19–1.32) | 1.30 (1.24–1.37) |
|
3 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.28 (1.21–1.35) | 1.37 (1.30–1.45) |
|
4 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 1.37 (1.29–1.45) | 1.51 (1.42–1.60) |
|
5 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | 1.42 (1.32–1.51) | 1.58 (1.48–1.69) |
|
Household income quintile (Ref. = first quintile, lowest income)**** |
|
2 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
|
3 | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) |
|
4 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) |
|
5 | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
|
Limited educational attainment quintile†††† (Ref. = first quintile) |
|
2 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) |
|
3 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) |
|
4 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) |
|
5 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.37 (1.29–1.46) | 1.33 (1.26–1.41) |
|
Visible minority quintile‡‡‡‡ (Ref. = first category) |
|
2 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.96 (0.89–1.02) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
|
3 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.97 (0.91–1.05) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) |
|
4 | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) |
|
5 | 0.86 (0.85–0.87) | 1.27 (1.17–1.38) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) |
|
Recent immigration category§§§§ (Ref. = first category) |
|
2 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) |
|
3 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) |