Postoperative outcomes for Indigenous Peoples in Canada: a systematic review

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (McVicar, Poon, Bould, McIsaac) and of Surgery (Kimmaliardjuk), Faculty of Medicine (Ahmad, during the conduct of the study); Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics (Nickerson), University of Ottawa; The Ottawa Hospital (McVicar, Poon, Kimmaliardjuk, McIsaac); Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Bould); Bruyère Research Institute (Nickerson), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program (Caron), University of British Columbia, Prince George, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Caron), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Ahmad, at time of writing), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Qikiqtani General Hospital (Sheffield), Iqaluit, NU; West Parry Sound Health Centre (Champion), Parry Sound, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Champion), Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ont.